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chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| natural supports | reoccurs in persons environment that can be used for support such as friend family or co workers |
| adaptive behavior | the social and practical intelligence used in people's everyday lives, along with IQ, is considered in making a determination of intellectual to sign. |
| social intelligence | ones ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people such as whether someone is angry or happy, a component of adaptive behavior, IQ is used to determine whether someone has an intellectual disability. |
| practical intelligence | ability to solve everyday problems |
| supports | resources and strategies that promote a persons development, education, interests and personal well-being, critical to the AAIDD conceptualization of intellectual disabilities |
| intellectual disabilities | the newer term for mental retardation a disability in intelligence and adaptative behavior |
| prenatal | the time before birth |
| post natal | the time after birth |
| perinatal | the time of birth |
| chromosomal disorders | any of serval syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosomes can result in intellectual disabilities. |
| down syndrome | a condition resulting from an abnormality with the 21st air of chromosomes the most common abnormality is a triplet rather than a pair |
| chromosome | a rod-shaped entity in the nucleus of the cell contains genes which convey hereditary characteristics each cell int he human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| trisomy 21 | a type of down syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47 rather the normal 46 chromosomes in all |
| maternal serum screening | is a blood test that's used to check for markers, such as certain proteins in the mothers blood that suggest the likelihood of down syndrome |
| nuchal translucency ultrasound | allows the physician to see the fluid from behind the fetus neck (greater amount might indicate down syndrome. ) |
| amniocentesis | a sample of amniotic fluid from the sac around the fetus is analyzed for certain proteins that are possible markers for down syndrome. |
| spina bifida | a condition where the spinal column fails to close properly while in the womb |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | the physician takes samples of the villi ( structure that becomes the placenta) and tests them for chromosomal abnormalities |
| fragile X syndrome | most commonly known hereditary cause of intellectual disabilities |
| Prader- Willi syndrome | result of genetic abnormality, (infants are lethargic and have a difficulty eating. leading genetic of obesity ) |
| Sleep apnea | cessation of breathing while sleeping |
| scoliosis | curvature of the spine |
| Williams syndrome | is caused by the absence of mt4erial on the 7th pair of chromosomes |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | result from inherited deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body |
| phenylketonuria (PKU | inability of the body to convert a common dietary substance phenylalanine to tyrosine |
| microcephalus | the head is abnormally small and conical in shape |
| hydrocephalus | results from accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | range of disorders in children born to women who drink alcohol while pregnant |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | children has abnormal facial features and growth retardation as well as intellectual disabilities |
| Rubella (German measles) | in addition to being a potential cause of blindness can also result in intellectual disabilities |
| anoxia | complete deprivation of oxygen |
| low birth weight (LBW) | dan result in a variety of behavioral and medical problems including intellectual disabilities |
| syphilis | a venereal disease e4htat can cause mental subnormal in a child ( from mother to child during latter stages of fetal development ) |
| herpes simplex | a viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters affect genitals and is contracted by mother to be in later stages of fetal development. |
| meningitis | a bacterial or viral infection of the livings of the brain or spinal cord, can cause a number of disabilities |
| encephalitis | an inflammation of the brain, can affect the child's mental development adversely |
| working memory (WM) | the ability to remember info while also performing other cognitive operations |
| self regulation | refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior: and are of difficulty for persons who have intellectual disabilities |
| metacognition | ones understanding of the strategies available for learning a task and the regulatory mechanism needed to complete the task |
| behavioral phenotypes | a collection of behaviors including cognitive language and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome. |
| explicit instruction | clear direct and previse instruction frequent use of modeling |
| systematic instruction | teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance and transfer of stimulus control often used with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| functional academics | teaching academics such as reading and math, in the context of daily living skills; goal for student to learn skills to function independently |
| deinstitutionalization movement | the closing of many large residential institutions for people with intellectual and mental disabilites |
| domestic skills | living skills that involve washing dishes, cook, laundry, and manage a budget. |
| community skills | involve things such as transportation, procuring health care, banking , going to restaurants, shopping for groceries. |
| sheltered workshops | structured environment in which a person receives training and work with other workers with disabilities on jobs requiring realvity low skills. |
| supported competitive employment | a person with intellectual disabilities has a competitive employment position but receives ongoing assistance often from a job coach |
| self determination | is the ability to act autonomously, be self-regulated act in psychologically empowered manner and act in a self realized manner |
| learned helplessness | a motivational term referring to a condition in which a person believes they no matter how hard he or she tries failure will result |
| person centered planning | a method of planning for people with disabilities that places the person and the persons family at the center of the planning process |
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