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A&P Lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 physiological processes of the ES? | 1. Growth and development 2. Metabolism 3. Blood composition 4. Reproduction |
| Hyposecretion- | Too little hormone |
| Hypersecretion- | Too much hormone |
| What are 4 common disorders of the ES? | 1. Diabetes (1 and 2) 2. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism 3. Adrenal disorders: Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome 4. Dwarfism and Gigantism |
| What gland is the major player of the ES? | The endocrine gland (duh) |
| Are ES glands ductful or ductless? | DUCTLESS. |
| In the brain: | Hypothalamus pituitary gland Pineal gland |
| In the periphery: | Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands |
| Other ES glands also have non-endocrine functions: | Pancreases, thymus, heart, kidneys, testes and more |
| The hypothalamus is what? | The master gland |
| Anterior- | adrenohypophysis |
| Posterior- | neurohypophysis |
| The hypothalamus releases | ADH/ oxytocin into the posterior !! |
| The hypophyseal portal system | is a specialized network of blood vessels directly connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, facilitating rapid, high-concentration hormonal communication |
| Why is the structure of the hypophysis so unique? | The high surface area/volume ratio of capillaries allow for efficient transport of hormones |
| Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into | bluh |
| Humoral control | the regulation of hormone secretion in direct response to changing levels of ions, nutrients, or other non-hormone substances in the blood or extracellular fluids (FLUIDS) |
| Neuronal control | the process by which the nervous system (specifically the brain) regulates the activity of endocrine glands and hormone secretion |
| Hormonal control | the mechanism by which the body regulates, produces, and releases hormones to maintain homeostasis (internal balance) through chemical messengers acting on target organs |
| Endocrine System vs Nervous System ENDOCRINE | Chemical signaling Hormones are the primary chemical signal Long or short distance Response time: fast or slow |
| Endocrine System vs Nervous System NERVOUS | Chemical/electrical signaling Neurotransmitters are the primary chemical signal Always short distance Always fast response time |
| Pathways of hormone actions: | Hormones act on target tissues Target tissues have cells with specific receptors for hormones. These are called hormone receptors |
| Hydrophilic | Water-soluble hormones interact with membrane receptors and alter function of existing proteins |
| Hydrophobic | Lipid-soluble hormones also known as steroid hormones, interact with nuclear receptors and leads to synthesis of new protein |
| HYDROPHILIC PATHWAY | 1. Bind to receptor 2. Activate G-Protein 3. Activate Adenyl Cytosate (AC) 4. Cataylizes ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP activtes kinases 6. Protein phosphorylation |
| HYDROPHOBIC PATHWAY | 1. Hormone passes through membrane 2. Binds at Cyto Rec 3. Couples exits nucleus + triggers transcription 4. mRNA changes the code |
| Hydrophilic interact | with membrane receptors and alter functions of existing proteins |
| Hydrophobic interact | with nuclear receptors and leads to the synthesis of new proteins |
| GAi- | Inhibitory to enzyme adenylate cyclase, which blocks protein phosphorylation |
| GAs- | Stimulatory to enzyme adenylate cyclase, which increases protein phosphorylation |
| GAq- | Activities phospholipase C, which triggers calcium mobilization |
| Cascade | Each receptor produces thousands of 2nd messengers after activation |
| Signal amplification by GCPRs | idk |
| Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) hormones use what when traveling | Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) hormones use carrier proteins when traveling the blood. cuz they hate water and blood is water |
| these more complex structure of lipid solubles do what | This more complex structure extends the half-life of steroid hormones much longer than that of hormones derived from amino acids |
| Carrier proteins are present in | Blood plasma |
| Name 2 carrier proteins and where they are produced | Albumin and Globulin THE liver..... |
| The most abundant types of plasma proteins are what, and what do they do? | -Albumins and globulins. -They maintain osmotic pressure, and transport water-insoluble molecules (hormones and lipid-soluble drugs) |
| There is significant overlap in symptoms with reduced plasma proteins that include: | Fatigue Weight loss Reduced blood pressure Swelling in feet, ankles, or abdomen Jaundice |
| What are the 4 hormone classes? | 1. Amine 2. Peptide 3. Protein 4. Steroid |
| What hormone types are water- soluble? | Amine Peptide Protein |
| What hormone types are lipid- soluble? | Steroid |
| Amine hormone components | Amino acids with modified groups |
| Peptide hormone components | Short chains of linked amino acids |
| Protein hormone components | Long chains of linked amino acids |
| Steroid hormone components | Derived from lipid sterol |
Created by:
liladdoyle