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SPAUD Unit 2
Everything that isn't in Lab flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypodermic Analogy | Lungs work like a hypodermic needle Needle = nose and mouth Plunger is like diaphragm - changing the volume changes the pressure, so air wants to rush in |
| Boyle's law | As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa |
| Pressure equation | Force/Area |
| High heal example / leaning against the wall with pressure | When there is less area, there is more pressure because it is more concentrated in one area - like how a high heal will sink more into sand than a sandal would |
| Visceral | Inside |
| Mediastinum | Cavity for heart and blood vessels |
| Kyphosis | Too much convex curvature in the thoracic cavity (hunchback) |
| Facets | Points of articulation |
| costal | Rib |
| How ribs and vertebrae connect | E.g. rib 5 connects to inferior costal facet of T5 and T4 and the transverse process of T5 is where the tubercle of rib 5 connects |
| Torque | Ribs are flexible, they can twist They do this when they move up |
| Triple filtering system of respiratory system | Nostril hairs catch larger pollutants Cells in mucosal lining of pharynx and larynx secrete mucus to catch pollutants Ciliated columnar and pseudo stratified epithelial tissue protects respiratory passage |
| What smoking does to lining of respiratory passage | stops the reaction of the ciliated columnar and pseudo stratified tissue, so the pollutants from smoking can't be protected against. |
| Tracheal rings | Made of cartilage, not perfect circles, room to stretch and be more flexible to allow more opening in the trachea |
| Angle of mainstem bronchi to trachea | Left side has a wider angle because of the heart Makes right side more likely to inhale food |
| Bronchial tree | Mainstem Lobar (secondary) Tertiary - 27-28 more divisions Oxygen exchange doesn't take place until much farther in the divisions Terminal bronchioles at the end |
| Alveoli | At the end of the terminal bronchioles Where the gas exchange happens Type 1 - gas exchange Type 2 - produce surfactant |
| Surfactant | What type 2 alveoli produce to keep alveoli from collapsing |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | Type 2 cells not mature enough - often occurs in premature infants |
| Emphysema | Destroys epithelial tissue of the respiratory tract Deflates alveoli - lose surface area - more pollutants can get in Genetic or caused by things like smoking |
| Lungs (what they're like) | Spongy, can compress and get bigger, elastic, some smooth muscle fiber |
| Rickets | exaggerating angles in bone - ribs caused by lack of vitamin D |
| How the thoracic cavity moves | Vertically - diaphragm Transversally/laterally - ribs go out Anterior posterior - ribs |
| Pleura | Like saran wrap - sticky stretches out the lungs to fill space in thoracic cavity |
| Visceral pleura | All around the lungs themselves |
| Parietal Pleura types | Costal pleura Diaphragmatic Pleura Mediastinal pleura |
| Costal pleura | around the ribs (where the lungs move toward) |
| Diaphragmatic Pleura | Along the diaphragm |
| Mediastinal pleura | Around the heart cavity |
| Cuboidal epithelial tissue on pleura | Allows pleura o move smoothly by secreting mucus so that they can slide against each other |
| Pleurisy | When pleural lining of thoracic cavity is inflamed Can be caused by pneumonia, TB, or not enough mucus being produced by cuboidal epithelial tissue on pleura |
| Quiet inspiration | Just diaphragm working |
| Forced inspiration | running, singing, anything that requires more air - other muscles used |
| Passive expiration | Not using muscles - just letting go |
| Active/forced expiration | Pushing abdomen in to force more air out |
| Origin of muscles | Point of attachment that doesn't move |
| Insertion of muscles | Points of attachment that move toward origen |
| Diaphragm | Origin - Xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, vertebrae L1-4 Insertion - central tendon Function: Primary muscle of inspiration When it contracts, it flattens - chest cavity becomes bigger |
| Aponeuroses | Broad sheet of tendon |
| Phrenic nerves | Innervate/goes to the diaphragm - some kind of stimulation to these is what causes hiccups |
| Aortic foramen | Blood going out to the body - closest to the vertebrae |
| Vena cava foramen | Blood coming back from the body - other bigger hole |
| Esophageal foramen/hiatus | collapsed, opens to let food in but is otherwise relaxed |
| intercostals | Muscles between ribs External and internal Origen - lower borders on ribs 1-11 Insertion - upper border of rib below Function - pulling up ribs for inspiration |
| checking action | Ability to breathe out longer to talk or sing |
| Muscles of inspiration | Diaphragm External intercostals Part of internal intercostals Costal elevators (Brevis and Longus) Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes (serratus posterior superior) |
| Muscles of Expiration | Part of the internal intercostals Transversus thoracis Abdominal muscles - Internal oblique - external oblique - Rectus abdominis - Transversus abdominis (Serratus posterior inferior) |
| Internal intercostals | Part used in expiration - Origin - upper border of ribs 2-12. Insertion - lower border of rib above Part used in inspiration - origin - lower border of ribs 1-11 Insertion - upper border of rib below |
| Transversus thoracis | Origin - sternum Insertion - ribs 2-6 Function - pull down on ribs - reducing thoracic cavity space for expiration |
| Posterior muscles | Serratus posterior superior and inferior Costal elevators (longis and brevis) |
| Costal elevators | Longis Origin - transverse processes of T7-T11 Insertion - skip rib below insert into tubercle of next rib Brevis Origin - transverse processes of C7-T11 Insertion - Tubercle of rib below |
| Sternocleidomastoid | *Inspiration* Origin - Mastoid process (bump below ear) Insertion - sternum and clavicle Function - inspiration - pulling up clavicle and sternum |
| Scalenes | *Inspiration* Anterior Middle Posterior Function - raise up ribs 1-2 for inspiration |
| Anterior scalene | *Inspiration* Origin - transverse process of C3-C6 Insertion - first rib |
| Middle scalene | *Inspiration* Origin - Transverse process of C2-C7 Insertion - first rib |
| Posterior scalene | *Inspiration* Origin - Transverse processes of C5-C7 Insertion - Second rib |
| Clavicular breathers | people who use neck muscles to breathe |
| Thoracic fixation | Using abdominal muscles to expel something out of your body |
| Elasticity | Pull something and it will bounce back |
| Gravity | In passive expiration, allows everything to go back down |
| Spirometer | Measures rates of flow, volumes, and lung capacities |
| Rate of flow | Measured in cc/sec or cc/min |
| Volumes | Measured in l, ml, or cc (ml and cc are same) Discrete values which do not overlap |
| Capacities | Measured in l, ml, or cc quantities which include 2 or more lung volumes |
| Tidal volume | Volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration |
| Expiratory reserve volume | Volume of air that can be expired following passive, tidal expiration |
| Average tidal volume | 500-525ml Male - 600 Female - 400-450 |
| Residual volume | Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation |
| Dead air | Part of residual volume - within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange - first couple of bronchi |
| Lung volumes types | Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve volume Expiratory Reserve volume Reserve volume - Dead air |
| Lung Capacities types | Inspiration capacity Vital capacity Functional residual capacity Total lung capacity |
| Inspiration capacity | The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after tidal expiration TV + IRV |
| Vital capacity | Amount of air available for speech The volume of air that can be exhaled after as deep and inhalation as possible IRV + TV + ERV |
| Functional Residual Capacity | the volume of air in the body after passive exhalation, including ERV and residual volumes ERV + RV |
| Total Lung Capacity | The quantity of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation TV + IRV + ERV + RV Never measured because there is no way to measure RV |
| Why adults breathe less times per minute than young children and infants | Their lungs already almost fill the thoracic cavity - they have pleura, but less area for the lungs to stretch to As you get older, the thoracic cavity increases more than lungs increase |
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