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pharm shit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitter production | Administer precursor;Inactivate production enzyme |
| Storage of neurotransmitters | Empty vesicles; Vesicles can’t empty |
| Direct agonists | Binds directly to Postsynaptic receptor and mimics neurotransmitter |
| Direct antagonists | Receptor blocker; Sits on receptor and prevents ion channels from opening |
| Indirect antagonist | Attach to alternate receptor; Prevent channel from opening |
| Indirect agonist | Attach to alternate receptor; Facilitate opening |
| Autoreceptors | specialized neurotransmitter receptors located on the presynaptic neuron that detect the neurotransmitter released by that same neuron, serving as a negative feedback loop; report back to cell; Block=agonist; Activate=antagonist |
| Block reuptake | process where drugs prevent neurotransmitters (like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) from being reabsorbed by the neuron that released them, leaving more of the chemical in the synaptic cleft; EX: SSRIs or cocaine |
| Block destruction | Agonists; increases concentration in the synaptic cleft, enhancing signaling between neurons Ex: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synapse, enhancing muscle contraction and nerve signaling |
| Pharmacodynamics | Drug action: what drugs do to the body |
| Therapeutic index | Ratio of dose producing desired effect (EFFECTIVE DOSE) in 50% of subjects to dose producing LETHAL DOSE (Toxic in people) in 50% of subjects (TD50/ED50) |
| Lithium | a mood stabilizer primarily used to treat and prevent manic episodes in bipolar disorder; modulates extreme cyclic AMP effects TI=3 (high risk) |
| Librium | prescription benzodiazepine used for short-term management of anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and pre-operative apprehension TI > 100 |
| Margin of safety | the range between the dose that produces a desired effect and the dose that causes toxicity or harm, with a wider margin indicating greater safety |
| Excretion | active or passive removal of metabolic waste from the body to maintain homeostasis; Kidneys, Liver, Lungs, GI tract, Skin |
| Pharmacokinetics | What the body does to the drug |
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body; all neither excitatory or inhibitory |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that stimulate neurons, increasing the likelihood they will fire an action potential (send a signal); EX: glutamate, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that reduce the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic cell. They maintain critical balance with excitation in the nervous system; EX: GABA and glycine |
| Glutamate | the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system, essential for brain functions like learning, memory, and cognition; MASTER KEYY |
| GABA | the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, producing a calming effect by blocking nerve signals, which helps control anxiety, stress, and fear; MASTER KEYYYYYYY (all neurons respond) |
| neurotransmitters circuits | complex, organized networks of neurons that communicate via specific chemical messengers to regulate brain function, behavior, and movement |
| ACh circuits | Acetylcholine or Cholinergic circuits ; modulate brain states, including attention, learning, memory, and cortical processing; LEARNING |
| NE circuits | Norepinephrine; act as critical neuromodulatory systems, primarily originating in the brainstem's locus coeruleus (LC) to regulate arousal, attention, stress responses, and cognitive function across the cortex; VIGILANCE |
| 5-HT circuits | serotonin/serotonergic circuits; decreased impulsivity |
| Peptides | 2 or more amino acids linked by these bonds |
| Opioids | Released by all parts of terminal bouton; includes both naturally-occurring opiates and those created in a lab |
| Enkephalins | Opiates; natural ligands; endogenous, pain-relieving pentapeptide neurotransmitters produced in the brain, spinal cord, and adrenal medulla; EX; produced after work out |
| Opiate receptors | Reward, analgesia, inhibited flee response |
| Naltrexone | opiate receptor blocker; treating opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) by reducing cravings |
| Naloxone | antagonist; reverse an opioid overdose, blocking opioids like heroin, fentanyl, and prescription painkillers from affecting the brain and restoring breathing |
| Lipids | Cannabinoid receptors; Anandamide is natural ligand (“Ananda” is Sanskrit for “Bliss”) |
| Nucleosides | Adenosine; fundamental building blocks for DNA/RNA, signaling molecules, and metabolic fuel, with key medical applications as antiviral and anticancer agents |
| Adenosine | slows cellular activity; Neuromodulator; Produces IPSP; Stimulated when cells are short on fuel or Oxygen |
| Caffeine | blocks adenosine receptors (sleepy shit) ; Quick energy boost; Dependence=consumption of >400mg/day in adults; less IPSP = higher heart rate = people more sensitive |
| Amphetamines | black dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake channels |
| Alcohol | mimics and decreases GABA; indirect GABA agonist and a glutamate antagonist |
| Mescaline | mimics norepinephrine; agonist |
| Phencyclidine (PCP) | increases dopamine levels; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| Tolerance | Affinity decreases; Decrease in number of receptors; circuits change over time |
| Withdrawal | physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop or cut back the use of an addictive substance |
| Sensitization | reverse tolerance, is when repeated drug use makes someone more sensitive, leading to a stronger reaction; ex: cocaine |
| LSD | mimics serotonin; partial agonist |
| Placebo effects | Naloxone experiment; |
| Nocebo research | Voodoo; your body producing the adverse effect because you were told that you would have an adverse effect |
| Nicotine | mimics acetylcholine; Agonists |
| Muscarine | certain poisonous mushrooms; mimics acetylcholine ; Agonists |
| Barbiturate | agonists of the GABA receptor, increasing the duration of chloride channel opening and enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission |
| Vallium | enhances GABA's ability to bind to its inhibitory receptors |
| Antipsychotic drugs | antagonists; block dopamine receptors |
| Atropine and Scopolamine | competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, meaning it blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from binding to these receptors, |
| Cocaine | antagonist: blocks dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake channels |
| antidepressants | inactivate monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes |
| THC | mimics anandamide, partial agonist at cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) |
| Intravenous (IV) Administration | the method of administering fluids, medications, blood products, or nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein (fastest- 60 seconds) |
| Intrarectal Administration | administered within the rectum; 15 to 30 minutes |
| Inhalation Administration | delivers medication directly to the respiratory system via aerosols, mists, or powders; typically take 10–15 minutes |
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