Scientists think that about 245 million years ago, the continents were joined in a single large landmass they call Pangaea

To explain the age and magnetic patterns of sea-floor rocks, scientists proposed a process called sea-floor spreading.

Plate tectonics describes large-scale movements of Earth’s lithosphere, which is made up of the crust and the rigid, upper part of the mantle.

The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.

Convergent boundaries form where two plates collide.

At a divergent boundary, two plates move away from each other.

A boundary at which two plates move past each other horizontally is called a transform boundary.

Deformation is the process by which rocks change shape when under stress.

Folding occurs when rock layers bend under stress.

The crack that forms when large blocks of rock break and move past each other is called a fault.

Shear stress is stress that pushes rocks in parallel but opposite directions as seen in the image.

Tension is stress that stretches or pulls rock apart.

Compression is stress that squeezes or pushes rock together.

Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy.

The focus is a place within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.

The epicenter are Seismic waves flow outward from the focus in all directions.

Tectonic Plate Boundary

A tectonic plate boundary is where two or more tectonic plates meet.

The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation is called elastic rebound.

A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground.

The melted rock, or magma, is less dense than solid rock, so it rises toward the surface.

Lava is magma that has reached Earth’s surface.

Lava and clouds of ash can erupt from a vent, or opening of a volcano.

A hot spot is a location where a column of extremely hot mantle rock, called a mantle plume, rises through the asthenosphere.

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Earth Structures

Term	Definition
Pangaea	Scientists think that about 245 million years ago, the continents were joined in a single large landmass they call Pangaea
Sea-Floor-Spreading	To explain the age and magnetic patterns of sea-floor rocks, scientists proposed a process called sea-floor spreading.
Plate Tectonics	Plate tectonics describes large-scale movements of Earth’s lithosphere, which is made up of the crust and the rigid, upper part of the mantle.
Tectonic Plates	The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.
convergent Boundary	Convergent boundaries form where two plates collide.
Divergent Boundary	At a divergent boundary, two plates move away from each other.
Transform Boundary	A boundary at which two plates move past each other horizontally is called a transform boundary.
Deformation	Deformation is the process by which rocks change shape when under stress.
Folding	Folding occurs when rock layers bend under stress.
Fault	The crack that forms when large blocks of rock break and move past each other is called a fault.
Shear Stress	Shear stress is stress that pushes rocks in parallel but opposite directions as seen in the image.
Tension	Tension is stress that stretches or pulls rock apart.
Compression	Compression is stress that squeezes or pushes rock together.
Earthquake	Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy.
Focus	The focus is a place within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.
Epicenter	The epicenter are Seismic waves flow outward from the focus in all directions.
Tectonic Plate Boundary	A tectonic plate boundary is where two or more tectonic plates meet.
Elastic Rebound	The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation is called elastic rebound.
Volcano	A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground.
Magma	The melted rock, or magma, is less dense than solid rock, so it rises toward the surface.
Lava	Lava is magma that has reached Earth’s surface.
Vent	Lava and clouds of ash can erupt from a vent, or opening of a volcano.
Hot Spot	A hot spot is a location where a column of extremely hot mantle rock, called a mantle plume, rises through the asthenosphere.

Created by: jorge kahwati

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