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Cogneuro Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dendrites | enable communication w/ other neurons, receive info from other neurons, look like tree branches |
| Cell body (Soma) | contains metabolic machiery for maitenance of the neuron; nucleus, mitochondria, and other intraceullar organelles |
| Axon | involed in sending info to other neurons |
| Myelin | white fatty substance, insulator that speeds up transmission; most human axons wrapped in this |
| Terminal buttons | axon terminals; send message through the synapse |
| Synapase | where info is transferred from one neuron to the next |
| Nodes of Ranvier | spaces between myelin, regenerate action potential; Saltatory Conduction = excitation only at nodes |
| Electrical signaling: how does an action potential work? | within a neuron, information moves from input synapses; flow of electrical currents within the neuron and across its membrane |
| Electrical signaling: how is information carried through the neuron? | Dendrites receive electrical signals & chemical signals from synaptic cleft; Carry it to soma → passive conduction |
| Electrical signaling: excitatory post-synaptic potentials | Dendrites receive excitatory post-synaptic potential; NT binds and opens ion channels; causes temporary changes in neuron charge (more positive charge) |
| Electrical signaling: inhibitory post-synaptic potentials | IPSPs make firing less likely because the sodium leaves the channel causing it to hyperpolarize |
| Electrical signaling: action potentials | AP = sudden change in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane in an axon |
| Electrical signaling: threshold | around -55mv |
| Electrical signaling: all-or-none law | AP doesn't happen every time, it has to be a large enough signal |
| Electrical signaling: depolarization | |
| Electrical signaling: role of sodium channels | Use ATP to move K+ into cell and Na+ out of cells; Passive gradient pushes more K+ out, so more negative inside |
| Electrical signaling: resting potential + how this changes with threshold being reached | |
| Electrical signaling: refractory period | hyperpolarized and no action potential |
| Chemical signaling: how does chemical communication work between neurons? | |
| Chemical signaling: what structures are involved in chemical signaling? | |
| Chemical signaling: what happens in the presynaptic terminal buttons, synapse, and postsynaptic dendrites? | |
| Chemical signaling: role of neurotransmitters | |
| Chemical signaling: excitatory postsynaptic potentials | influx positive ions into cell (Ca+); depolarization and increases likelihood of AP |
| Chemical signaling: inhibitory postsynaptic potentials | influx of negative ions into (Cl-) or efflux of positive ions (K+) out of postsynaptic cell; decreases likelihood of AP |
| Chemical signaling: spiking rate | |
| Chemical signaling: regional functional specialization | |
| Cerebral cortex/cerebrum | 2 hemispheres; 4 lobes |
| Cerebral cortex/cerebrum: gray matter | outer layer |
| Cerebral cortex/cerebrum: white matter | inner layer |
| Cerebral cortex/cerebrum: neocortex and allocortex | neocortex = 90% of total cerebral cortex and much of perception and higher-order cognition; allocortex = 10% of cerebral cortex and olfactory system and hippocampus |
| corpus callosum | |
| dorsal/superior = | |
| ventral/inferior = | |
| anterior/rostral = | |
| posterior/causal = | |
| lateral = | |
| medial = | |
| Brodmann's Areas | 52 distinct regions of the brain |
| Cytoarchitecture | different regions defined by layred composition of cells |
| 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| primary sensory cortex in frontal lobe | movement, executive control systems (inhibition, planning) |
| primary sensory cortex in temporal lobe | auditory |
| primary sensory cortex in parietal lobe | somatosensory |
| primary sensory cortex in occipital lobe | primary visual cortex |
| gyri | ridges |
| sulci | fissures |
| limbic system role in cognition: function linked | relating organism to its environment based on current needs, present situation, and previous experience |
| thalamus: function linked | processing stage between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex |
| hypothalmus: function linked | regulating bodily functions/needs (temp, eating/drinking, sexual activity, endocrine functions) |
| epithalamus: function linked | connects limbic system to other parts of the brain (includes pineal gland) |
| midbrain (interior and superior colliculi): function linked | form part of subcortical routes for hearing (inferior) and gaze orienting (superior) |
| hindbrain (pons and medulla): function linked | involved in vital functions such as breathing and heart rate |
| cerebellum: function linked | attached to hindbrian; integrates information about motor commands with sensory feedback to enable smooth movement and dexterity |
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