Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BI102 Protists
BI102 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Flagella | Half of all prokaryotes: directional movement Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella Structurally and functionally different from eukaryotic flagella |
| Four supergroups of Eukarya | Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
| Mixotrophs | Combine photosyn & heterotrophic nutrition |
| Diversity of Protists | Nutritionally diverse: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or mixotrophs Reproduction & life cycles vary, both sexual & asexual species Diverse habitats- freshwater & marine Most are unicellular, but some are colonial (clustered) or multicellular |
| Excavata | Diplomonads & parabasalids & Euglenozoans (kinteoplastids and euglenids) Motified mitochondria Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella |
| SAR clade | Stramenopiles - diatoms, golden and brown algae Alveolates - Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates Rhizarians - Radiolarians, forms, cercozoans |
| SAR clade | Two flagella - one hairy & one smooth Membr-encolsed sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membr Amoebas w/ threadlike pseudopodia (amoebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia0 |
| Archaeplastida | Red algae, green algae, and land plants Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment), plant type chloroplasts |
| Unikonta | Amoebozoans - slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas Opisthokonts Amoebas w/ lobe-shaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia |
| Pseudopodia | temporary, cytoplasm-filled extensions of eukaryotic cell membranes used primarily for locomotion and feeding (phagocytosis) in amoebas, other protists, and certain animal cells like white blood cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Provide structural support, shape, and mobility to cells via three components - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules Inside cell, directly under plasma membr |
| Rhizarians | Amoebas that move and feed by pseudopodia Includes radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans |
| Radiolarians | Marine protists w/ silica shell |
| Forams | Multichambered shell hardened w/ calcium carbonate Have symbiotic photosynthetic algae inside |
| Excavata | Clade characterized by cytoskeleton Some members feeding groove |
| Feeding groove | a specialized, ventral, slit-like depression found on the surface of certain microorganisms, particularly the supergroup Excavata |
| Diplomonads and Parabasalids | Modified mitochondria, as mitochondria lacks DNA, ETC, and CAC enzymes Lack plastids adapted to anaerobic environments D- have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella (Giardia) P- flagella and undulating part of plasma membr (Trichomonas) |
| Euglenozoans | Distinguishing feature: flagellar structure; spiral or crystalline rod of unknown fx present in flagella Flagella w/ unique internal structure Hetero, photosynthesis, and pathogenic parasites |
| Kinetoplastids (Euglenozoan) | Single, large mitochondrion contains an organized mass of DNA- kinetoplast Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, & moist terrestrial ecosystems Parasite, Trypanosome: sleeping sickness in humans, spread by African tse-tse fly |
| Euglenids | Have one or two flagella that emerge from pocket at one end of cell Store glucose polymer paramylon Many mixotroph |
| SAR clade | Whole genome DNA sequencing suggests Stramenopiles, alveolate, and rhizarians are monophyletic group S + A have a common ancestor that engulfed and incorporated an endosymbiont red alga |
| Stramenopiles | Have hairy and smooth flagella Includes several groups of heterotrophs and certain algae Diatoms, golden and brown algae |
| Diatoms | Unicellular algae Posses a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica/shell Major component of phytoplankton Highly diverse (~100,000) |
| Golden algae (Chrysophytes) | Possess yellow and brown carotenoids Typically biflagellated - attached near 1 end of the cell Mostly unicellular; some colonial Some mixotrophic |
| Brown algae (phaeophytes) | largest, most complex algae Multicellular, most marine Alteration of generations Include seaweed, many harvested for food Seaweeds & Kelps |
| Oomycetes | Water molds, white rusts & downy mildews Once considered fungi due to morphological studies Most are decomposers or parasites; filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake Sexual + asexual stages Phytophthora infestans late blight of potatoes |
| Alveolates | Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane, possibly for water/ion regulation Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and cilia |
| Dinoflagellates | Photoauto and hetero Abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton Internal plates of cellulose 2 flagella making them spin as they move thru water "Red tides" |
| Red tides | Caused by rapid growth of some dinoflagellates Color water red/brown, prod toxins, kills fish, respiratory irritation, & economic losses |
| Apicomplexans | Parasite of animals ex- Malaria |
| Ciliates | Use cilia to move & feed Possess large macronuclei and small micronuclei Micronuclei fxs during conjugation, a sexual process that prod genetic variation Conjugation is separate from reproduction, occurs by binary fission |
| Cercozoans | Amoeboid & flagellated protists that feed with threadlike pseudopodia, but do not have tests/shell Heterotrophs (predators & parasites) and some mixotrophs Mixotrophs may be from an endosymbiosis event |
| Archaeplastida | Red algae, green algae and land plants |
| Red algae | Phycoerythrin gives red pigment Nori (for sushi) Usually multicellular Most abundant large algae in coastal waters of the tropics |
| Green algae | Named for their grass-green chloroplasts Divided into two main groups: chlorophytes & charophytes Closely related to land plants |
| Chlorophytes | Live in diverse habitats; Fresh water, damp soil, or in snow Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular form Complex life cycles; sexual and asexual ex. Ulva (sea lettuce) |
| Charophytes | Prob share a common ancestor w/ land plants -Nodes and internodes -Aquatic Cell division like plants No alternation of generations like plants |
| Unikonta | Animals, fungi, and some protists Includes amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists) Unclear whether unikonta separated from other eukaryotes relatively early or late |
| Amoebozoans | Lobe-shaped pseudopodia rather than threadlike, pseudopodia Includes; gymnamoebas (free-living), entamoebas (parasities in animals), and Slime Molds (decomposers) |
| Entamoebas | Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates Causes amebic dysentery in humans |
| Sporangium | When slime molds are developed in harsh conditions A structure in certain plants and other organisms that is charged with making and storing spores |
| Spore | a microscopic, typically single-celled reproductive unit or dormant survival structure produced by fungi, bacteria, algae, and some plants Designed to allow organisms to reproduce without mating |
| Opisthokonts | Include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
Popular Biology sets