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Protists
For BIO102 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Flagella | Half of all prokaryotes: directional movement Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella Structurally and functionally different from eukaryotic flagella |
| Four supergroups of Eukarya | Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
| Mixotrophs | Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| Diversity of Protists | Nutritionally diverse: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or mixotrophs Reproduction & life cycles vary, both sexual & asexual species Diverse habitats- freshwater & marine Most are unicellular, but some are colonial (clustered) or multicellular |
| Excavata | Diplomonads & parabasalids and Euglenozoans - kinteoplastids and euglenids Motified mitochondria Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella |
| SAR clade | Stramenopiles - diatoms, golden and brown algae Alveolates - Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates Rhizarians - Radiolarians, forms, ceecozoans |
| SAR clade | Two flagella - one hairy and other smooth Membrane-encolsed sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membr Amoebas w/ threadlike pseudopodia |
| Archaeplastida | Red algae, green algae, and land plants Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment), plant type chloroplasts |
| Unikonta | Amoebozoans - slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas Opisthokonts Amoebas w/ lobe-shaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia |
| Pseudopodia | temporary, cytoplasm-filled extensions of eukaryotic cell membranes used primarily for locomotion and feeding (phagocytosis) in amoebas, other protists, and certain animal cells like white blood cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Provide structural support, shape, and mobility to cells via three components - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules Inside cell, directly under plasma membr |
| Rhizarians | Amoebas that move and feed by pseudopodia Includes radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans |
| Radiolarians | Marine protists with a shell made of silica |
| Forams | Multichambered shell hardened with calcium carbonate Have symbiotic photosynthetic algae inside |
| Excavata | Clade characterized by its cytoskeleton Some members have feeding groove |
| Feeding groove | a specialized, ventral, slit-like depression found on the surface of certain microorganisms, particularly the supergroup Excavata |
| Diplomonads and Parabasalids | Modified mitochondria, as mitochondria lacks DNA, ETC, and CAC enzymes Lack plastids adapted to anaerobic environments D- have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella (Giardia) P- flagella and undulating part of plasma membr (Trichomonas) |
| Euglenozoans | Distinguishing feature: flagellar structure; spiral or crystalline rod of unknown fx present in flagella Flagella w/ unique internal structure Hetero, photosynthesis, and pathogenic parasites |
| Kinetoplastids (Euglenozoan) | Single, large mitochondrion contains an organized mass of DNA- kinetoplast Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, & moist terrestrial ecosystems Parasite, Trypanosome: sleeping sickness in humans, spread by African tse-tse fly |
| Euglenids | Have one or two flagella that emerge from pocket at one end of cell Store glucose polymer paramylon Many mixotroph |
| SAR clade | Whole genome DNA sequencing suggests Stramenopiles, alveolate, and rhizarians are monophyletic group S + A have a common ancestor that engulfed and incorporated an endosymbiont red alga |
| Stramenopiles | Have hairy and smooth flagella Includes several groups of heterotrophs and certain algae Diatoms, golden and brown algae |
| Diatoms | Unicellular algae Posses a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica Major component of phytoplankton Highly diverse (~100,000) Fossilized diatom walls compose much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth |
| Golden algae (Chrysophytes) | Possess yellow and brown carotenoids Cells typically biflagellated - both flagella attached near one end of the cell Mostly unicellular; some colonial Some mixotrophic |
| Brown algae (phaeophytes) | largest, most complex algae Multicellular, most marine Alteration of generations Include seaweed, many harvested for food -Seaweeds: most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae -Kelps/giant seaweeds – Live in deep parts of the ocean |
| Oomycetes | Water molds, white rusts & downy mildews Once considered fungi due to morphological studies Most are decomposers or parasites; filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake Sexual + asexual stages Phytophthora infestans late blight of potatoes |
| Alveolates | Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane, possibly for water/ion regulation Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and cilia |
| Dinoflagellates | Photoauto and hetero Abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton Internal plates of cellulose 2 flagella making them spin as they move thru water "Red tides" |
| Red tides | Caused by rapid growth of some dinoflagellates Color water red or brown, producing toxins, which kills fish, respiratory irritation, and economic losses |
| Apicomplexans | Parasite of animals ex- Malaria |
| Ciliates | Named for use of cilia to move & feed Possess large macronuclei and small micronuclei Micronuclei fxs during conjugation, a sexual process that prod genetic variation Conjugation is separate from reproduction, occurs by binary fission |
| Cercozoans | Amoeboid & flagellated protists that feed with threadlike pseudopodia, but do not have tests Heterotrophs (predators & parasites) and some mixotrophs Mixotrophs may be from an endosymbiosis event |
| Archaeplastida | Red algae, green algae and land plants |
| Red algae | Phycoerythrin gives red pigment Nori (for sushi) Usually multicellular Most abundant large algae in coastal waters of the tropics |
| Green algae | Named for their grass-green chloroplasts Divided into two main groups: chlorophytes & charophytes Closely related to land plants |
| Chlorophytes | Live in diverse habitats; Fresh water, damp soil, or in snow Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular form Complex life cycles; sexual and asexual ex. Ulva (sea lettuce) |
| Charophytes | Probably share a common ancestor with land plants -Nodes and internodes -Aquatic Cell division like plants No alternation of generations like plants |
| Unikonta | Animals, fungi, and some protists Includes amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists) Unclear whether unikonta separated from other eukaryotes relatively early or late |
| Amoebozoans | Lobe-shaped pseudopodia rather than threadlike, pseudopodia Includes; gymnamoebas (free-living), entamoebas (parasities in animals), and Slime Molds (decomposers) |
| Entamoebas | Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates Causes amebic dysentery in humans |
| Sporangium | When slime molds are developed in harsh conditions A structure in certain plants and other organisms that is charged with making and storing spores |
| Spore | a microscopic, typically single-celled reproductive unit or dormant survival structure produced by fungi, bacteria, algae, and some plants Designed to allow organisms to reproduce without mating |
| Opisthokonts | Include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr