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Period 6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second Industrial Revolution | Period from the late 1800s marked by rapid industrial growth, new technologies, mass production, and the expansion of railroads and steel. |
| Gilded Age | Late 19th-century era of rapid economic growth, industrialization, and extreme wealth inequality in the United States. |
| Panic of 1893 | Severe economic depression caused by railroad overbuilding, bank failures, and a collapse in confidence. |
| Union Pacific Railroad | Railroad company that built westward from Omaha as part of the first transcontinental railroad. |
| Central Pacific Railroad | Railroad company that built eastward from California as part of the first transcontinental railroad. |
| Pacific Railway Act of 1861 | Law that funded and authorized the construction of the transcontinental railroad. |
| Homestead Act | 1862 law granting free land to settlers who farmed it for five years. |
| Dawes Severalty Act | 1887 law that divided Native American tribal lands into individual plots to encourage assimilation. |
| Assimilation | Process by which minorities adopt the customs and culture of the dominant society. |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | 1890 massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. Army, marking the end of armed Native American resistance. |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Industrialist who built a railroad and shipping empire. |
| Jay Gould | Railroad tycoon known for stock manipulation and corruption. |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Inventor of the telephone. |
| Thomas Edison | Inventor who developed the light bulb, phonograph, and motion pictures. |
| Nikola Tesla | Inventor and engineer who pioneered alternating current (AC) electricity. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Founder of Standard Oil and the richest industrialist of his time. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Steel magnate and philanthropist who promoted the Gospel of Wealth. |
| J. Pierpont Morgan | Powerful banker and financier who consolidated major industries. |
| Vertical Integration | Business strategy of controlling all stages of production and distribution. |
| Horizontal Integration | Business strategy of eliminating competition by merging with similar companies. |
| Bessemer Process | Method for mass-producing steel cheaply and efficiently. |
| Sears, Roebuck and Company | Mail-order retail company that expanded consumer access to goods. |
| “laissez-faire” | Economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in business. |
| Protestant Work Ethic | Belief that hard work and discipline lead to success and moral virtue. |
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | Nationwide labor strike protesting wage cuts, violently suppressed by troops. |
| National Labor Union | First national labor organization seeking reforms such as an eight-hour workday. |
| Knights of Labor | Labor union open to all workers that advocated broad social reforms. |
| The Haymarket Affair | 1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb explosion. |
| Samuel Gompers | Leader of the American Federation of Labor. |
| American Federation of Labor | Union focused on skilled workers and collective bargaining. |
| Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 | Violent strike at Carnegie Steel against wage cuts. |
| Pullman Strike of 1894 | Nationwide railroad strike protesting wage reductions, led by Eugene V. Debs. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Labor leader and socialist who led the Pullman Strike. |
| George A. Custer | U.S. Army officer defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn. |
| Great Sioux War | Conflict between the U.S. government and Plains tribes over land. |
| Range Wars | Conflicts between ranchers and farmers over land use. |
| Ellis Island | Major immigration processing center in New York Harbor. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882 law banning Chinese immigration. |
| “Nativist” | Person who opposes immigration to protect native-born interests. |
| Social Darwinism | Theory applying natural selection to justify economic inequality. |
| Pragmatism | Philosophy emphasizing practical results and usefulness of ideas. |
| William James | Philosopher who popularized pragmatism. |
| Reform Darwinism | Belief that cooperation and reform could improve society. |
| Political Machine | Organization that controlled political power through patronage. |
| Tammany Hall | Powerful Democratic political machine in New York City. |
| William “Boss” Tweed | Corrupt leader of Tammany Hall. |
| Stalwarts | Republicans who supported patronage and machine politics. |
| Mugwumps | Republicans who opposed corruption and supported reform. |
| Grover Cleveland | Only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms. |
| Election of 1888 | Presidential election where Cleveland lost despite winning the popular vote. |
| Granger Movement | Organization of farmers advocating railroad regulation. |
| Farmers’ Alliances | Groups promoting cooperative farming and economic reform. |
| Populist Party | Political party representing farmers and laborers. |
| Omaha Platform | 1892 Populist Party platform calling for economic reforms. |
| Gold Standard | Monetary system backed by gold. |
| Mary Elizabeth Lease | Populist leader known for fiery speeches supporting farmers. |
| Depression of 1893 | Severe economic downturn marked by unemployment and bank failures. |
| William McKinley | President who supported the gold standard and protective tariffs. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Populist leader known for the “Cross of Gold” speech. |
| George Washington Carver | Scientist who promoted crop diversification. |
| “Jim Crow” Laws | State laws enforcing racial segregation. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court case upholding segregation. |
| “Separate but Equal” | Doctrine allowing segregation if facilities were equal. |
| Ida B. Wells | Journalist and activist who campaigned against lynching. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American leader advocating vocational education. |
| WEB Du Bois | Civil rights leader who demanded immediate equality. |
| Dr. Walter Reed | Scientist who proved mosquitoes spread yellow fever. |
| De Lome Letter | Diplomatic letter that increased tensions before the Spanish-American War. |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | Naval strategist who argued for a strong navy. |
| Social Gospel | Movement applying Christian ethics to social reform. |
| Settlement House | Community centers providing aid to the urban poor. |
| Jane Addams | Founder of Hull House and social reformer. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Carnegie’s belief that the rich should give back to society. |
| Spectator Sports | Organized sports watched for entertainment. |
| Barnum and Bailey | Famous circus company. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | 1890 law aimed at limiting monopolies. |
| Greenback Party | Political party advocating paper money not backed by gold or silver. |
Created by:
Smugb01