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Immunology 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Noticed that milkmaids who contracted cowpox (a mild disease) seemed immune to smallpox. | Edward Jenner |
| He inoculated an 8-year-old boy with fluid from a cowpox sore, then later exposed him to smallpox, proving immunity. | Edward Jenner |
| He coined the term "vaccine" (from Latin vacca for cow) and his work laid the foundation for immunization, eventually leading to smallpox eradication. | Edward Jenner |
| is a branch of biomedical science focused on the study of the immune system. | Immunology |
| the cells, tissues, molecules, and mechanisms that protect living organisms from infectious agents, foreign substances, and abnormal cells such as cancerous cells. | The immune system |
| refers to the state of protection against infectious diseases or harmful foreign substances, which is the primary outcome of a properly functioning immune system. | Immunity |
| Investigates the fundamental structure, function, and interactions of immune cells, organs, and molecules, including how the immune system develops, how it recognizes self vs. non-self, and how responses are regulated. | Basic Immunology |
| Focuses on immune-related diseases and disorders, including autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities/allergies, transplant rejection, and cancer immunology. | Clinical Immunology |
| where the immune system attacks self-tissue | autoimmune diseases |
| where the immune system is weakened or absent | immunodeficiencies |
| overactive immune responses to harmless substances | hypersensitivities/allergies |
| Involves the development of treatments, therapies, and vaccines to prevent or treat immune-related conditions. | Medical and Pharmaceutical Immunology |
| This includes monoclonal antibody therapies, immunosuppressive drugs for transplants, and vaccine design to induce protective immune responses. | Medical and Pharmaceutical Immunology |
| Studies how environmental factors such as pollution, climate, and exposure to chemicals or pathogens affect immune system function and health outcomes. | Environmental Immunology |
| Examines how the immune system adapts to allow pregnancy and immune-related issues affecting fertility or pregnancy health. | Reproductive Immunology |
| Focuses on immune systems in non-human animals, including the prevention and treatment of animal diseases, and the study of zoonotic diseases that can spread between animals and humans. | Veterinary Immunology |
| Investigates how immune responses contribute to or cause disease, including inflammation, tissue damage, and chronic illness. | Immunopathology |
| Explores how immune systems have evolved across different species to meet changing environmental and pathogenic threats. | Evolutionary Immunology |
| noted that people who had recovered from plague could care for sick patients without becoming infected again, recognizing that prior exposure to a disease could confer protection. | Thucydides 430 BCE |
| they inhaled powder made from dried smallpox pustules or scratched the powder into their skin to induce a mild form of the disease and prevent severe infection later in life. | variolation |
| This practice spread to Europe and the Middle East over time. | variolation |
| Considered the father of immunization, Jenner observed that milkmaids who contracted cowpox (a mild disease similar to smallpox) did not develop smallpox, a deadly illness. | Edward Jenner |
| He tested this by inoculating an 8-year-old boy with fluid from a cowpox blister, then later exposing him to smallpox; the boy did not become ill. | Edward Jenner |
| This was the first scientific demonstration of vaccination (from the Latin vacca, meaning "cow"), and his work led to the eventual eradication of smallpox globally. | Edward Jenner |
| developed vaccines for several diseases. | Louis Pasteur |
| While working with chicken cholera bacteria, he accidentally left a culture on a shelf for weeks; when injected into chickens, the weakened bacteria did not cause disease, but protected the chickens from subsequent infection with fully virulent bacteria. | Louis Pasteur |
| He used this method to develop vaccines for anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885), and coined the term "vaccine" in honor of Jenner's work. | Louis Pasteur |
| Discovered cellular immunity by observing that certain cells (later called phagocytes) could ingest and destroy foreign particles and pathogens. | Elie Metchnikoff |
| He proposed that these cells were the primary defense against infection, establishing the cellular basis of immunity. | Elie Metchnikoff |
| Demonstrated humoral immunity by showing that substances (later called antibodies) present in the blood serum of animals immune to diphtheria could transfer immunity to non-immune animals. | Emil von Behring |
| Identified blood groups and showed that transfusion reactions occurred when the immune system reacted to foreign blood cells | Karl Landsteiner |
| Proposed the "side-chain theory," which suggested that immune cells have pre-existing receptors (antibodies) that bind to specific foreign substances (antigens), forming the basis for our modern understanding of antigen-antibody specificity. | Paul Ehrlich |
| In the 20th and 21st centuries, research has uncovered the molecular and cellular mechanisms of immunity, including the discovery of T and B lymphocytes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, cytokines, and immune regulation. | Modern Immunology |
| is the first line of defense, present from birth and active at all times without prior exposure to a specific pathogen. | Innate immunity |
| It is evolutionarily ancient, present in all plants and animals, and provides a rapid, non-specific response to a broad range of threats including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and damaged cells. | Innate immunity |
| The first line of defense that block pathogens from entering the body | Physical Barriers |
| Chemical or environmental conditions that inhibit pathogen survival or growth | Physiological Barriers |
| Specialized cells that detect, ingest, or destroy pathogens | Cellular Barriers |
| A group of proteins in the blood that can be activated by pathogens or antibodies. | Complement System |
| Activated complement proteins can destroy pathogens directly by forming pores in their membranes, tag pathogens for phagocytosis (opsonization), or trigger inflammation. | Complement System |
| is a more specialized immune response that is unique to vertebrates. | Adaptive Immunity |
| It is activated when pathogens evade or overcome the innate immune system, and provides a targeted, long-lasting response. | Adaptive Immunity |
| Mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells), which develop and mature in the bone marrow. | Humoral Immunity |
| bind to specific antigens on pathogens, neutralizing them (preventing them from infecting cells), tagging them for phagocytosis (opsonization), or activating the complement system to destroy them. | Antibodies |
| Mediated by T lymphocytes (T cells), which develop in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. | Cellular Immunity |
| detects pathogens and initiates inflammation, which helps recruit adaptive immune cells to the site of infection. | Innate immunity |
| ingest pathogens, process their antigens, and present them to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response. | Dendritic cells |
| The most well-known function is protecting against infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other disease-causing microorganisms. | Defense Against Pathogens |
| Provides rapid, general protection, while the adaptive immune system provides targeted, long-lasting protection and memory. | innate immune system |
| The immune system identifies and destroys abnormal cells, including cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and cells that have been damaged or mutated. | Recognition and Elimination of Abnormal Cells |
| The immune system plays a role in removing dead, damaged, or senescent (old) cells from the body to maintain healthy tissue function. | Homeostasis and Tissue Repair |
| Inflammation, part of the innate immune response, helps recruit cells and molecules to repair tissue damage caused by infection or injury, and the immune system helps resolve inflammation once the threat is eliminated. | Homeostasis and Tissue Repair |
| Constantly monitors the body for the presence of foreign substances, pathogens, or abnormal cells. | Immune Surveillance |
| This ongoing monitoring allows the immune system to detect and respond to threats quickly before they cause disease. | Immune Surveillance |
| The immune system must maintain self-tolerance: the ability to recognize the body's own cells and tissues as "self" and avoid mounting an immune response against them. | Tolerance to Self |
| Failure of self-tolerance leads to | autoimmune diseases |
| where the immune system attacks healthy body tissue. | autoimmune diseases |
| The immune system must balance strong responses to threats with the need to avoid excessive inflammation or damage to healthy tissue. | Regulation of Immune Responses |
| Regulatory cells and molecules ensure that immune responses are activated only when needed, and are turned off once the threat is resolved. | Regulation of Immune Responses |
| All immune cells originate from | hematopoietic stem cells |
| These cells are primarily part of the innate immune system, though some (like dendritic cells) also activate adaptive immunity | Myeloid Cells |
| The most abundant type of white blood cell; they are the first immune cells to arrive at the site of infection, and are highly effective at phagocytosing and destroying bacteria. | Neutrophils |
| Large phagocytic cells that reside in tissues throughout the body; they ingest and destroy pathogens, remove dead cells, and secrete cytokines that regulate immune responses and inflammation. | Macrophages |
| Known as "antigen-presenting cells"; they ingest pathogens, process their antigens, and present them to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response. They act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. | Dendritic Cells |
| Tissue-resident cells that release histamine and other chemicals in response to infection or injury, triggering inflammation and allergic responses. | Mast Cells |
| Circulating cells similar to mast cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. | Basophils |
| Cells that defend against parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions. | Eosinophils |
| These cells are the primary mediators of adaptive immunity | Lymphoid Cells |
| Develop and mature in the bone marrow | B Lymphocytes |
| When activated by antigens and helper T cells, they differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, or memory B cells that provide long-term protection. | B Lymphocytes |
| Develop in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. | T Lymphocytes |
| Part of the innate immune system; they recognize and kill abnormal cells without prior activation. | Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
| The site where all immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells. B cells also mature in the bone marrow | Bone Marrow |
| Located in the chest | Thymus Gland |
| T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they mature and learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens. | Thymus Gland |
| is largest in children and shrinks with age. | Thymus Gland |
| Small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body along lymphatic vessels. | Lymph Nodes |
| They filter lymph (fluid that drains from body tissues) for pathogens and antigens. Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are concentrated in lymph nodes, where adaptive immune responses are activated | Lymph Nodes |
| Located in the upper left abdomen. It filters blood to remove pathogens, old red blood cells, and abnormal cells. | Spleen |
| It is the site where immune responses to blood-borne pathogens are initiated. | Spleen |
| Collections of immune cells located in the mucosal membranes lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues |
| people practiced variolation | ancient China around 1100 BCE |
Created by:
Starwitness