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Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| natural supports | resources in person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers |
| intellectual functioning | a person's general mental capacity to learn, reason, problem-solve, plan, think abstractly, and comprehend complex ideas |
| adaptive behavior | the social and practical intelligence used in people's everyday lives; along with IQ, is considered in making a determination of intellectual disability. |
| social intelligience | one's ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people, such as whether someone is angry or happy; a component of adaptive behavior, which, in addition to IQ, is used to determine whether someone has intellectual disabilities. |
| practical intelligence | ability to solve everyday problems |
| supports | resources and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, and personal well-being; critical to the AAIDD's conceptualization of intellectual disabilities. |
| moderate mental retardation or intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 35-50. |
| severe mental retardation or intellectual disabilities | a classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 20-35 |
| profound mental retardation or intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is below approximately 20 |
| intellectual disabilities | the newer term for "mental retardation" ; a disability in intelligence and adaptive behavior |
| prenatal | the time before birth |
| perinatal | the time of birth |
| postnatal | the time after birth |
| chromosomal disorders | any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellectual disabilities |
| down syndrome | An abnormality with the 21st pair of chromosomes; the most common abnormality is a triplet; characterized by intellectual disability and physical signs as slanted eyes, hypotonia, a single palmar crease, shortness, and a tendency toward obesity. |
| chromosomes | A rod-shaped entity in the nucleus of the cell; contains gene, which convey hereditary characteristics; each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| trisomy 21 | A type of down syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47, rather than the normal 46, chromosomes in all. |
| Maternal serum screening (MSS) | A method of screening the fetus for developmental disabilities such as down syndrome or spina bifida; a blood sample is taken from the mother and analyzed; if it is positive, a more accurate test such as amniocentesis or CVS is usually recommended. |
| Nuchal translucency ultrasound | A method of screening for down syndrome; fluid from behind the fetus's neck and protein from the mother's blood are analyzed. |
| amniocentesis | A medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommended to determine the presence of abnormality. |
| spina bifida | A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development. |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | way of testing the fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities; a small amount of tissue from the chorion (a membrane that eventually helps form the placenta) is extracted and tested; tested earlier than amniocentesis but miscarriage risk is higher. |
| Fragile X syndrome | A condition where bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair is pinched off; results in a number of physical anomalies and intellectual disabilities; more often in males; thought to be the most common hereditary cause of intellectual disabilties. |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | caused by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes; leading genetic cause of obesity; degree of intellectual disabilities varies, but the majority fall within the mild intellectual disability range. |
| Williams syndrome | A condition from depletion of material in the 7th pair of chromosomes; causes intellectual disabilities, heart disabilities, defects, and elfin facial features; strengths oral language and sociability, weakness organization, reading, writing, and math. |
| sleep apnea | cessation of breathing while sleeping |
| scoliosis | an abnormal curvature of the spine |
| inborn errors of metabolism | deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substance in the body, such as amino acids, carbs, vitamins, or trace elements; can sometimes result in intellectual disabilities; PKU is an example. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | a metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development. |
| microcephalus | A condition causing development of a small, cone-shaped head; proper development of the brain is prevented, resulting in intellectual disabilities. |
| hydrocephalus | A condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | A range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range mild to severe, including growth retardation, brain damage, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, anomalies of the face, and heart failure (alcohol embryopathy) |
| Rubella (German measles) | A serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus. |
| anoxia | deprivation of oxygen; can cause brain injury |
| Low birth weight (LBW) | babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds; usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, such as intellectual disabilities |
| syphilis | A venereal disease that can cause mental subnormality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother-to-be during the latter stages of fetal development |
| herpes simplex | A viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the latter stages of fetal development, it can cause mental subnormality in the child. |
| meningitis | A bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord; can cause a number of disabilities |
| encephalitis | an inflammation of the brain; can affect the child's mental development adversely. |
| mental age | Age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used in comparison to chronological age to determine IQ. IQ= (mental age/chronological age) x 100 |
| chronological age | refers to how old a person is; used in comparison to mental age to determine IQ. |
| working memory (WM) | The ability to remember information while also performing other cognitive operations |
| Self-regulation | refers generally to a person's ability to regulate their own behavior (to employ strategies to help in a problem-solving situation); an area of difficulty for persons who have intellectual disabilities. |
| metacognition | One's understanding of the strategies available for learning a task and the regulatory mechanisms needed to complete the task. |
| gullibility | An inclination to believe highly questionable statements or claims, despite scanty evidence; considered by some to be a key characteristic of persons with intellectual disabilities, especially those who have mild intellectual disabilities. |
| behavioral phenotypes | A collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms, that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome. |
| Explicit instruction | Clear, direct, and precise instruction; frequent use of modeling |
| systematic instruction | Teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance, and transfer of stimulus control; often used with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| functional academics | Teaching academics, reading and math, in the context of daily living skills; goal is for student to learn skills to function independently; used most often with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| community residential facilities (CRFs) | A place, usually a group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where about 3 to 10 adults with intellectual disabilities live under supervision. |
| supported living | An approach to living arrangements for those with disabilities and/or intellectual disabilities that stresses living in natural settings rather than institutions, big or small. |
| deinstitutionalization movement | A social movement in the 1960s where large numbers of people with intellectual disabilities/mental illness are moved from large mental institutions into smaller community homes or into their family homes; major for integrating people with disabilities |
| sheltered workshop | A facility that provides a structured environment for people with disabilities in which they can learn skills; can be either a transitional placement or a permanent arrangement. |
| supported competitive employment | A workplace where adults who have disabilities earn at least minimum wage and receive ongoing assistance from a job coach |
| job coach | A person who assists adult workers with disabilities (intellectual disabilities), providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies. |
| learned helplessness | A motivational term referring to a condition in which a person believes that no matter how hard they try, failure will result. |
| person-centered planning | A method of planning for people with disabilities that places the person and the person's family at the center of the planning process. |
| self-determination | having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over one's life span. |
Created by:
mrutledge197