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nervy
nerves
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| neurons | oldest and longest cells in the body, 100 to 100 billion in nervous system |
| Sensory neurons | information from environment |
| Motor neurons | contraction of muscles |
| Interneurons | between sensory and motor |
| Soma | cell body/nucleus |
| Dendrites | branches that communicate with other neurons via synapse, receiving end of neurons that carry info to cell body |
| Axon | long slender tube covered by myelin sheath, carries information away from cell body |
| Multipolar neurons | most common, one axon to multiple trunks |
| Bipolar neurons | interneurons, one axon and one dendritic tree, soma in middle of axon |
| Unipolar neuron | one stalk, usually sensory |
| Terminal buttons | secrete neurotransmitters, can be excitatory and inhibitory |
| Synapse | microscopic space in between terminal button and dendrites of another neuron, where neurotransmitters pass through |
| Membrane | double layer of lipid molecules, proteins that can detect other substances and control access to interior, enzymes that control chemical actions |
| Cytoplasm | gel-like fluid that fills the cell, protects from damage |
| Mitochondria | contains own DNA and makes ATP |
| Cytoskeleton | microtubules and axoplasmic transport |
| Anterograde transport | faster transport, from soma to terminal button |
| Retrograde transport | from terminal button to soma |
| Glial cells | glue cells/ non-neuronal support cells |
| Macroglia cells | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells |
| Astrocytes | support, nourish, monitor, and address critical chemical levels and clean-up/recycling, receive glucose from capillaries, reduce to lactase, pass to neurons |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce the myelin sheath, segments of coverage are 1 mm, nodes of ranvier in between are 1 micrometer |
| Myelin sheath | insulates axon to speed up action potential |
| Phagocytosis | the ingestion of bacteria or other material |
| Nodes of ranvier | spaces in between myelin sheath |
| Schwann cells | one cell per one section of axon, located on myelin sheath, help dendritic growth and repair; PNS; wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths, enabling rapid nerve impulse conduction |
| Toluene | pure white matter toxin |
| NG2 cells | oligodendrocyte precursor cells, transform into different kind of glia and neurons |
| Microglia cells | immune and inflammatory responses |
| BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER | walls of capillaries, selectively permeable, blocks all molecules except those that can pass by lipid solubility or allowed in by specific transport systems (sugars and some amino acids), glial cell management |
| CELLULAR COMMUNICATION | inside of cell membrane is -70 mV relative to outside of cell (resting potential) |
| Depolarization | take away some of electrical charge, reduce membrane potential; inside becomes more positive relative to resting state |
| Threshold of excitation | -55 mV, leads to action potential |
| Hyperpolarization | more negative than resting potential for nanosecond; extra potassium exists outside of membrane briefly |
| Diffusion | molecules distribute themselves evenly, move from high concentration to low concentration |
| Electrostatic pressure | force of opposite ions repelling |
| Cations | positive charge |
| Anions | negative charge |
| Sodium potassium pump | metabolically expensive, pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ in, maintains homeostasis |
| Extracellular fluid | seawater, Na+Cl- |
| Intracellular fluid | membrane is impermeable, A- and K+ exist at resting potential inside cell membrane of -70 mV |
| Action potential | voltage dependent channels = -55 mV to 30 mV as Na+ into cell, Na chan. blocked until resting potential potassium still leaves due to electrostatic pressure bc inside cell is now positive, potassium channels close as membrane returns to resting potential |
| All or none law | action potentials either happen or don't, can't happen halfway |
| Enzymatic deactivation | ACh destroyed by AChE |
| Autoreceptors | specialized neurotransmitter receptors located on the presynaptic neuron that detect the neurotransmitter released by that same neuron, serving as a negative feedback loop to regulate neuronal activity, neurotransmitter synthesis, and release |
| Synaptic vesicles | Contain molecules of neurotransmitters; Increased concentration in release zone |
| Synaptic cleft | narrow fluid-filled gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons (or muscle/gland cells) in a chemical synapse, separating the axonal bouton from the target cell. |
| Proteins | Detect other substances; Control access to interior (transport in and out of cell) |
| Microtubules | dynamic, hollow cylindrical tubes, approximately 25 nm in diameter, that serve as crucial components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton |
| electrolytes | Substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges |
| Spinal Roots | Cauda Equina - Cervical=8 (atlas and axis) – Thoracic=12 – Lumbar=5 – Sacral=5 – Coccygeal=1 |
| Dermatomes | an area of skin connected to a single spinal nerve root, acting like a sensory map of the body that helps doctors pinpoint nerve issues |
| Somatic nervous system | Voluntary nervous system; Receives sensory information and controls; Movement of skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system | Involuntary nervous system;Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands;Physiological functions |
| Afferent axons | specialized sensory neurons that transmit information from peripheral receptors in the skin, muscles, and organs toward the central nervous system |
| Efferent axons | nerve fibers that carry motor commands away from the central nervous system (CNS) --Exit |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Thoracolumbar system; Expenditure of energy; triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, preparing the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, expanding airways, and slowing digestion |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Craniosacral system; Activities that increase supply of energy; "rest and digest" state, which counteracts the "fight or flight" response. It slows the heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and increasing nutrient absorption |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs; Control sensory and motor functions of head and neck; Mnemonic=some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most |
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