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hgap vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How a group divides the range of tasks within a social system; in subsistence systems, tasks are generally divided based on age and gender | Division of Labor |
| Period during which the early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals and the cultivation of seed crops led to the development of agriculture | First Agricultural Revolution |
| The ways in which people organize themselves on the land | Settlement Patterns |
| A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss | Feedlot |
| Small-scale farmers who own their fields, rely chiefly on family labor, and produce both for their own subsistence and for sale in the market | Peasants |
| The day-to-day atmospheric conditions that affect daily decisions | Weather |
| A fast-growing cereal plant that is widely grown in warm regions with poor soil | Millet |
| _______ who raise crops and livestock to sell in the market at a profit rather than raising them for their own consumption | Farmers |
| Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the round and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot | Slash-and-Burn (Swidden) Agriculture |
| A settlement pattern in which families live relatively distant from one another | Dispersed Settlement |
| Survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries | Metes and Bounds |
| A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets | Market Gardening |
| A scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets | Truck Farm |
| Large storage facility for grain | Grain Elevator |
| The long-term process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for individuals taken from populations of wild plant and animal species to create genetically distinct species, known as domesticates | Domestication |
| The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries | Columbian Exchange |
| The study of Earth’s physical characteristics and processes: how they work, how they affect humans, and how humans affect them | Physical Geography |
| A farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese | Dairying |
| Seasonal reversal of winds with a general onshore movement in summer and a general offshore movement in winter; onshore winds bring ________ rains | monsoon |
| The cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over a period of about three to five years; when productivity drops, the farmer shifts to a new plot of land that has been prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture | Shifting Cultivation |
| Farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market | Commercial Agriculture |
| A crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and the livestock; common ____ _____ are cotton, flax, hemp, coffee, and tobacco | Cash Crops |
| Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams | Root Crops |
| Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals | Extensive Agriculture |
| The practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool | Livestock Ranching |
| Large wild grass native to Mexico that produced the small ears of maize (corn) that were a favored food among early groups in Mesoamerica | Teosinte |
| A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide | Long-Lot Survey System |
| An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans | Domesticated Animal |
| A plant that is deliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans and is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors | Domesticated Plant |
| Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace | Plantation |
| A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable dikes; the fields (paddies) are flooded with 4–6 inches (10–15 centimeters) of water for about three-quarters of the growing season | Paddy Rice Farming |
| Land survey system created by the U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the country’s territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides | Township and Range |
| In U.S. commercial grain agriculture regions, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting are done by hired migratory crews | Suitcase Farm |
| Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates; the earliest center for domestication of seed plants | Fertile Crescent |
| Long periods of heavy rains every day at the end of a short dry season | Monsoon Rains |
| The visible imprint of agricultural practices | Agricultural Landscapes |
| Round or square tower-like structure that stores feed for the livestock on the farm | Silo |
| The arrangement of shapes on Earth’s surface | Topography |
| Components of topsoil (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) necessary for plants to survive, grow, and reproduce | Nutrients |
| A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands | Nomadic Herding |
| The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing | Intercropping |
| A settlement pattern in which buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river; limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular | Linear Settlement Pattern |
| A diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops (such as potatoes and yams) and the rearing of herd livestock | Mix Crop/Livestock Agriculture |
| A highly mechanized commercial farming system that specializes in the production of cereal grains; requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds | Grain Farming |
| Area along the Indus River that flows from the highlands of Tibet and continues down along the border between present-day Pakistan and India; a site of the earliest domestication of plants and herd animals | Indus River Valley |
| A center where innovations or new practices develop and from which the innovations or new practices spread or diffuse | Hearth |
| Small group of people living outside of an urban area | Rural Settlements |
| The planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and the raising of domesticated animals for food | Agriculture |
| The methods used by surveyors to lay out property lines | Survey Methods |
| Area located outside of towns and cities; all the space, population, and housing not included in an urban area | Rural Area |
| Seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn) | Cereal Grains |
| A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants | Clustered Settlement (Farm Village) |
| Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market | Subsistence Agriculture |
| Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries | Cadastral Survey |
| Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding | Intensive Agriculture |
| The variety and variability among species and ecosystems | Biodiversity |
| Center of farm operations, which includes the farmhouse, barns, shed, livestock pens, and family garden | Farmstead |
| An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market | Livestock Fattening |
| The cultural region in the Americas that includes the diverse civilizations in the modern-day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica | Mesoamerica |
| The average pattern of weather over a 30-year period for a particular region | Climate |
Created by:
vasundhara.varadarajan