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Developmental Psych
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | store and transmit genetic information |
| deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA | chemical substance that makes up chromosomes |
| DNA is a | long double-stranded molecule that looks like a twisted ladder. Each rung of the ladder consists of specific pair of chemical substances called bases, joined together between two sides. It is this sequence of base pairs that give genetic instructions |
| gene | a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. |
| protein coding genes | directly affect our body’s characteristics |
| Cytoplasm | the area surrounding the nucleus |
| regulator genes | modify the instructions given by protein coded genes |
| gametes | sex cells, the sperm and ovum |
| Gametes are formed through a cell division process called meiosis | which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. |
| When sperm and ovum unite at conception | the resulting cell, called a zygote, will again have 46 chromosomes |
| 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs, called | autosomes (meaning not sex chromosomes). |
| sex chromosomes, | 23rd pair of chromosomes, xx in females and xy in males |
| fraternal, or dizygotic, twins | the most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova. |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Ethnicity | Occurs in 6 to 9 per 1,000 births among Asians and Hispanics, 9 to 12 per 1,000 births among white Europeans, and 11 to 18 or more per 1,000 births among black Africans |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Family history of twinning | Occurs more often among women whose mothers and sisters give birth to fraternal twins, suggesting a hereditary influence through the female line |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Age | Rises with maternal age, peaking between 35 and 39 years, and then rapidly falls |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Nutrition | Occurs less often among women with poor diets; occurs more often among women who are tall and overweight or of normal weight as opposed to slight body build |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Number of births | Is more likely with each additional birth |
| Factors relating to fraternal twins: Fertility drugs and into | Is more likely with fertility hormones and in vitro fertilization, which also increases the chances of bearing higher order multiples |
| a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals | These are called identical, or monozygotic, twins because they have the same genetic makeup |
| Allele | Each form of a gene |
| Two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosomes | one inherited from the mother and one from the father |
| If the alleles from both parents are alike | the child is homozygous and will display the inherited trait |
| If the alleles differ | then the child is heterozygous, and relationships between the alleles influence the phenotype |
| dominant–recessive inheritance | Only one allele affects the child’s characteristics. It is called dominant; the second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive |
| Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele | can pass that trait to their children |
| Cooley's anemia description | Pale appearance, retarded physical growth, and lethargic behavior begin in infancy. |
| Cooley's anemia treatment | Frequent blood transfusion; death from complications usually occurs by adolescence. |
| Cystic fibrosis description | Lungs, liver, and pancreas secrete large amounts of thick mucus, leading to breathing and digestive difficulties |
| Cystic fibrosis treatment | Bronchial drainage, prompt treatment of respiratory infection, dietary management. Advances in medical care allow survival with good life quality into adulthood. |
| PKU description | Inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, contained in many proteins, causes severe central nervous system damage in the first year of life. |
| PKU treatment | Placing the child on a special diet results in average intelligence and normal lifespan. Subtle deficits in memory, planning, decision making, and problem solving are often present. |
| Sickle cell anemia description | Abnormal sickling of red blood cells causes oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling, and tissue damage. Anemia and susceptibility to infections, especially pneumonia, occur. |
| Sickle cell anemia treatment | Blood transfusions, painkillers, prompt treatment of infection. No known cure; 50 percent die by age 55. |
| Tay Sachs disease description | Central nervous system degeneration, with onset at about 6 months, leads to poor muscle tone, blindness, deafness, and convulsions. |
| Tay Sachs disease treatment | None. Death occurs by 3 to 4 years of age |
| Huntington's disease description | Central nervous system degeneration leads to muscular coordination difficulties, mental deterioration, and personality changes. Symptoms usually do not appear until age 35 or later. |
| Huntington's disease treatment | None. Death occurs 10 to 20 years after symptom onset. |
| Marfan's syndrome description | Tall, slender build; thin, elongated arms and legs; and heart defects and eye abnormalities, especially of the lens. Excessive lengthening of the body results in a variety of skeletal defects. |
| Marfan's syndrome treatment | Correction of heart and eye defects is sometimes possible. Death from heart failure in young adulthood is common |
| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy description | Degenerative muscle disease. Abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk between 7 and 13 years. |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment | None. Death from respiratory infection or weakening of the heart muscle usually occurs in adolescence. |
| Hemophilia Description | Blood fails to clot normally; can lead to severe internal bleeding and tissue damage. |
| Hemophilia Treatment | Blood transfusions. Safety precautions to prevent injury |
| Diabetes insipidus Description | Insufficient production of the hormone vasopressin results in excessive thirst and urination. Dehydration can cause central nervous system damage. |
| Diabetes insipidus Treatment | Hormone replacement. |
| incomplete dominance | a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two. |
| genomic imprinting, | alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked through regulatory processes within the genome, in such a way that one pair member (either the mother’s or the father’s) is activated, regardless of its makeup |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | a disorder with symptoms of intellectual disability and severe obesity |
| fragile X syndrome | the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability |
| Mutation | a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA |
| germline mutation | takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes |
| somatic mutation | normal body cells mutate, an event that can occur at any time of life. |
| polygenic inheritance | in which many genes affect the characteristic in question |
| Down Syndrome | The most common chromosomal disorder, occurring in 1 out of every 700 live births |
| males with XYY syndrome are not necessarily | more aggressive and antisocial than XY males |
| Genetic counseling | a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals |
| surrogate motherhood | vitro fertilization used to impregnate surrogate with couples fertilized ovum. or sperm from man whose partner is infertile may be used to inseminate surrogate, who agrees to turn baby over to father, child is then adopted by partner. |
| prenatal diagnostic methods | medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth |
| gene therapy | correcting genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells. |
| Proteomics | scientists modify gene specified proteins involved in biological aging and disease |
| bidirectional influences | exist in which the behaviors of each family member affect those of others |
| Coparenting | mutually supporting each other’s parenting behaviors |
| internalizing difficulties | feeling anxious and fearful and trying to repair their parents’ relationship |
| externalizing difficulties | including anger and aggression |
| socioeconomic status | which combines three related, but not completely overlapping, variables: (1) years of education and (2) the prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status; and (3) income, which measures economic status. |
| Subcultures | groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture |
| Extended-family households | in which parent and child live with one or more adult relatives |
| public policies | laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions |
| Behavioral genetics | a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities |
| Heritability estimates | measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors |
| kinship studies | which compare the characteristics of family members |
| gene–environment interaction | which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment |
| gene–environment correlation | our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed |
| Niche Picking | This tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity |
| Epigenesis | which means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment |
| methylation | a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds (called a methyl group) lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression |
| Mitosis | 1 to 2 |
| Meiosis | Reduction |
| Dominant and Recessive genes- | Dominant trait expressed (curly hair over straight hair, tongue rolling)only expressed in presence of another recessive gene |
| Range of reaction | Range determines where you fall within limits |
| Dominantly inherited conditions | Huntington's disease, Neurofibromatosis |
| Reccesively inherited conditions | Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, PKU, Tay Sachs, |
| Human X linked conditions | has to do with how chromosomes are organized, Color blindness- only some forms, Hemophilia- blood clotting Sever Combined Immune Deficiency- every component of their immune system is compromised, 90% of kids nowadays are treated successfully |
| Imprinting | One copy of a gene is silenced, only maternal or paternal inheritance is expressed |
| Polygenic Inheritance | Traits that are multiple genes, more difficult to map (height is polygenic) |
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