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BIO 161 Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aerobic respiration occurs where | mitochondria |
| fundamental molecular formula for all carbohydrates | (CH2O)n |
| sets of reactions that break down molecules are called | catabolic pathways |
| glycolysis occurs in the | cytoplasm |
| intermembrane space | egions between the outer and inner membranes, including the space within the cristae |
| substrate level phosphorylation | An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate directly to ADP, forming ATP. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from the proton-motive force generated by the ETC. |
| how many times does the citric acid cycle run per glucose | 2 |
| why does water have a high specific heat | hydrogen bonds must first be broken |
| pH less than 7 means | acidic, greater number of protons in solution |
| polymers are broken into monomers using | hydrolysis reaction |
| two parts of an amino acid? ehich is basic which is acidic? | amino- basic carboxyl-acidic |
| the amino functional group is | NH2 |
| the carboxyl functional group is | COOH |
| what reaction forms a peptide bond | condensation reaction, water is released |
| what kind of bond is a peptide bond | covalent, polar, rigid, partial-doubl-bond character |
| which terminus are amino acid residues added onto | C terminus |
| describe primary protein structure | amino acid sequence |
| sickle cell is result of | fuck up in primary seq |
| describe secondary protein structure | hydrogen bonding between O on carbonyl and H on amino results in either a helical coils or b pleated sheets- depending on amino acid sequence |
| describe tertiary protein structure | hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, van der waals, cov, ionic interactions between residues as backbone bends and folds folded mlcl has less potential energy-more stable than the unfolded |
| describe quaternary protein structure | involves multiple polypeptides interacting to form a single structure |
| what is a polypeptide? | a protein |
| what drives the folding of proteins? how does it increase entropy in surrounding water? | hydrophobic interactions, nonpolar R groups coalesce in interior |
| whats a prion | a normal sequence protein but different structure makes it infectious |
| requirements for the first self replicating cell? | catalyze reactions, stored genetic info |
| why cant protein meet the requirements for first self-replicating cell? | proteins cannot be used as a template or mold for their replication |
| are all enzymes proteins | no, ribozymes are RNA enzymes |
| describe six proteins functions | catalysis-enzymes structure-internal skeleton of cells movement-motor proteins signaling- cell to cell id transport- on cell membranes defense-antibodies |
| why are peptide bond unusually stable? | N shares valence e' with C-N bond, has some characteristics of double bond, bond is planar |
| where does the energy for polypeptide formation via condensation reaction come from? | ATP |
| what determines solubility of amino acids | the R group side chains |
| disulfide bonds are part of what level of protein structure | tertiary |
| What bond type is responsible for the secondary structure of a protein? | Hydrogen bonding -creates helix or sheets |
| purines are | 2 rings, 9 atoms, adenine, guanine |
| four main functions of nucleotides | energy storage, cell communication/regulations, coenzymes, subunits of nucleic acids |
| Deoxyribose vs Ribose | Ribose has two OH s on 2' and 3', more reactive than Deoxyribose with only one on the 3' |
| Nucleic acid double helix is overall hydro.... | hydrophilic nonpolar interior in sandwiched between negatively charged phosphate backbone |
| compare polymerization of nucleotides to amino acids | both are directional N-C terminus on amino acid and 5'-3' on nucleic acid both covalent bond by condensation reaction |
| what is the covalent bond between nucleotides called | phosphodiester linkage |
| where exactly does the phosphodiester linkage link | 3' of one sugar to the 5' of the next sugar |
| primary structure of nucleic acids? | order of the nucleotides |
| secondary structure of DNA? | 2 antiparallel strands in a double helix |
| does polymerization increase or decrease entropy? what does this mean for energy input? | Decrease in entropy! needs input of energy, not spontaneous--Atp |
| what is a nucleotide triphosphate or an activated nucleotide? | adding more phosphates to the 5' phosphate increases potential energy |
| Chargaffs rules | amount of A=T, G=C |
| facilitated diffusion through a protein is what kind of transport? | passive transport- doesnt require energy from the cell |
| Tertiary structure of DNA | compact, histones package and compact DNA during cell division |
| Why doesnt DNA fulfill needs of first self-replicating mlcl? | DNA replication is catalyzed by enzymes- not self-replicating |
| weird secondary structure of RNA | loopy needlehead thingy, bases pair with bases on the same strand |
| The energy for the polymerization of nucleotides comes from | ATP, hydrolysis and turns to ADP |
| On two antiparallel strands, how are nitrogenous bases connected? | Hydrogen bonds! |
| carbohydrate = | sugar |
| how do sugars form rings | the carbonyl group C=O reacts with the hydroxyl group O-H |
| how to monosaccharides polymerize to make glycosidic linkages | via condensation reaction |
| what makes carbohydrate structure more diverse than protein and nucleic acid? | Unlike proteins and nucleic acids, which have uniform backbones, carbohydrates can have diverse structures due to the multiple hydroxyl groups available for bonding |
| CARBS: five most common polysaccharides, alpha or beta linkages? | a: starch, glycogen b: cellulose, chitin(adjacent strands hydrogen bonded) peptidoglycan (peptide bonds link opposite amino acids) |
| polysaccharide starch | energy storage in animals a linkages- helical |
| polysaccharide glycogen | energy storage in plants a linkages- helical |
| polysaccharide cellulose | structural in plant, cell wall b linkages- linear, H bonds parallel strands |
| Chitin | fungi animal structure |
| four primary roles of carbohydrates | building blacks structure- cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan cell identity- oligosacc for blood type store chem. energy(sunlight energy in carb bonds) |
| Carbohydrates are made up of which monomers | monosaccharides aka simple sugars |
| what is glycogen | its a carb energy storage in plants (starch for plants) |
| what polysaccharide has weird monomers | chitins got NAG |
| glycolipids and glycoproteins | carbohydrates are covalently attached, usually short oligosacc.s for cell-cell recognition |
| which polysacc keeps your poop together | cellulose |
| glucose and galactose monosacc.s differ in | spatial arrangement of OH hydroxyl group |
| Simple sugars can differ from one another in which way? | location of carbonyl group C=O |
| distinguishing feature of lipids | insoluble in water, many nonpolar c-c c-h bonds |
| lipids naturally form | micelles, phospholipid bilayers |
| Unsaturated fat | fewer H atoms because it has on C=C bond- kinks! liquid form |
| saturated fat | lipids packed together, solid form |
| lipis differ from polypeps, nucleic acids, polysaccs because | no monomers, uniform backbone, or covalent bonding |
| fatty acids are made up of | hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group COOH |
| three major types of lipids | fats, steroids, phospholipids |
| a fat is | a glycerol and three fatty acid tails, nonpolar |
| phospholipid contrasts to fat because | it has a phosphate group and charged mlcl on top of glycerol making it amphipathic, only two fatty acid tails |
| amphipathic | having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts |
| formation of closed bilayers affect entopy | increase entropy in whole system because water doesnt have to form cages around them |
| unsaturated (kinky) short hydrocarbon tails will be more or less permeable? | less permeable |
| examples of facilitated diffusion(passive!) | protein channels (can be gated) allow ions, open or close due to ion conc. carrier proteins- move a siolute via conformational change |
| Active transport examples(require energy input) | pumps move shit against the gradient powered by ATP |
| liposome | artificial little phospholipid cell jawn |
| example of energy coupling? | ATP hydrolyzing to pay for nucleotides or amino acids polymerizing |
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