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Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a phoneme? | The smallest unit of sound in a language that can change meaning. |
| What is a morpheme? | The smallest unit of meaning in a language. |
| What is syntax? | The rules for arranging words into sentences. |
| What is semantics? | The meaning of words and sentences. |
| What is pragmatics? | The social rules for using language appropriately in context. |
| What is the babbling stage? | Infants produce repetitive sounds (e.g., “ba-ba”). |
| What is the one-word stage? | Using single words to communicate whole ideas. |
| What is the two-word stage? | Combining two words in simple sentences (telegraphic speech). |
| What is telegraphic speech? | Short sentences using mostly nouns and verbs. |
| What is the critical period hypothesis? | There is a limited time early in life when language can be learned most easily and fully. |
| How does bilingualism affect cognition? | It increases cognitive flexibility, attention control, and problem-solving skills. |
| What is linguistic relativity? | Language influences how people think and perceive the world. |
| What is code-switching? | Alternating between languages or dialects depending on context. |
| What is language deprivation? | Lack of exposure to language during early development. |
| What are the effects of language deprivation? | Delayed language development, cognitive difficulties, and social challenges. |
| What is the relationship between language and thought? | Language and thought influence each other, but thinking can occur without language. |
| What is Broca’s area responsible for? | Speech production and grammar. |
| What is Wernicke’s area responsible for? | Language comprehension. |
| What is aphasia? | Language impairment caused by brain damage. |
| What is Broca’s aphasia? | Difficulty producing speech; comprehension mostly intact. |
| What is Wernicke’s aphasia? | Fluent but meaningless speech; poor comprehension. |
| What is global aphasia? | Severe impairment in both speech production and comprehension. |
| What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences? | Intelligence consists of several independent abilities, not one single IQ. |
| What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence? | Ability to control body movements and handle objects skillfully. |
| What is spatial intelligence? | Ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space. |
| What is linguistic intelligence? | Ability to use language effectively. |
| What is logical-mathematical intelligence? | Ability to reason, calculate, and solve logical problems. |
| What is musical intelligence? | Ability to perceive, create, and appreciate rhythm and pitch. |
| What is interpersonal intelligence? | Ability to understand and interact effectively with others. |
| What is inductive reasoning? | Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions. |
| What is confirmation bias? | Tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs. |
| What is IQ? | A score representing a person’s performance on intelligence tests compared to others. |
| What defines intellectual disability? | Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. |
| What are mental ability domains? | Conceptual (thinking), social (interacting), and practical (daily living) skills. |
| How does IQ differ from intellectual disability? | IQ is a score; intellectual disability includes IQ and adaptive functioning. |
| What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory? | Intelligence has three parts: analytical, creative, and practical. |
| What is analytical intelligence? | Problem-solving and academic skills. |
| What is creative intelligence? | Ability to deal with new situations and think creatively |
| What is practical intelligence? | Ability to adapt to everyday life and real-world tasks. |
| What is Spearman’s g? | A general intelligence factor underlying all cognitive abilities. |
| What is Spearman’s s? | Specific abilities unique to particular tasks. |
| What is fluid intelligence? | Ability to reason and solve new problems. |
| What is crystallized intelligence? | Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. |
| What role does the prefrontal cortex play in intelligence? | Involved in planning, reasoning, and decision-making. |
| What role does the parietal cortex play in intelligence? | Involved in spatial processing and problem-solving. |
| How is IQ calculated? | (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100. |
| What did Binet and Simon create? | The first modern IQ test to identify students needing support. |
| What is Boring’s dictum? | Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure.” |
| What is the WAIS? | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; a widely used adult IQ test. |
| What does heritability of intelligence mean? | The proportion of intelligence differences influenced by genetics. |
| What was the eugenics movement? | A discredited movement aiming to improve genetics through selective breeding. |
| What is emotional intelligence? | Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively. |
| What does heritability of intelligence mean? | The proportion of differences in intelligence within a population that is due to genetic factors. |
| What is a fixed mindset? | Belief that intelligence and abilities are unchangeable. |
| What is a growth mindset? | Belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning. |
| What is reliability in IQ testing? | The consistency of test results over time. |
| What is validity in IQ testing? | The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. |
| What is the Flynn Effect | The worldwide increase in average IQ scores over time. |
| How does socioeconomic status affect intelligence? | Higher SES is linked to better educational resources, nutrition, and cognitive development. |
| What is creativity? | The ability to produce novel and useful ideas. |
| How does creativity fit into Sternberg’s triarchic theory? | Creativity is part of creative intelligence, which involves adapting to new situations. |
| How are intelligence and creativity related? | They are related but distinct; high intelligence does not guarantee high creativity. |
| What is creative intelligence? | Ability to generate original ideas and approach problems in new ways. |
| What is the nature vs. nurture debate? | The debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has a greater influence on development. |
| What is gene–environment interaction? | Genes and environment work together to influence development. |
| What is epigenetics? | Changes in gene expression caused by environmental factors without altering DNA. |
| What is a critical period? | A fixed time when certain experiences must occur for normal development. |
| What is a sensitive period? | An optimal time for development when experiences have a strong influence, but learning can still occur later. |
| What are teratogens? | Harmful substances or environmental factors that can damage a developing fetus. |
| What effects can teratogens have? | Physical defects, cognitive impairments, and behavioral problems. |
| What happens in the germinal stage? | Conception to 2 weeks; zygote forms and implants in the uterus. |
| What happens in the embryonic stage? | Weeks 3–8; major organs and body structures develop. |
| What happens in the fetal stage? | Week 9 to birth; growth and refinement of organs. |
| What is Piaget’s cognitive development theory? | Children actively construct knowledge through stages as they interact with the world. |
| What is the sensorimotor stage? | Birth–2 years; learning through senses and actions. |
| What is object permanence? | Understanding that objects exist even when out of sight. |
| What is the preoperational stage? | Ages 2–7; symbolic thinking develops but logic is limited. |
| What is egocentrism (Piaget)? | Inability to see situations from another person’s perspective. |
| What is the concrete operational stage? | Ages 7–11; logical thinking about concrete objects. |
| What is conservation? | Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. |
| What is the formal operational stage? | Age 12+; ability to think abstractly and logically. |
| What is assimilation? | Adding new information into existing schemas. |
| What is accommodation? | Changing schemas to fit new information. |
| What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? | Cognitive development is shaped by social interaction and culture. |
| What is the ZPD? | The range of tasks a child can do with help but not alone. |
| What is scaffolding? | Temporary support provided to help a learner achieve a task. |
| What role does culture play in cognitive development? | What role does culture play in cognitive development? |
| What is Bowlby’s attachment theory? | Early emotional bonds with caregivers form internal working models that influence later relationships. |
| What is the Strange Situation Task? | A procedure developed by Ainsworth to assess attachment by observing a child’s reactions to separation and reunion. |
| What is secure attachment? | Child is distressed when caregiver leaves but comforted when they return. |
| What is avoidant attachment? | Child shows little distress during separation and avoids caregiver on return. |
| What is anxious attachment? | Child is very distressed by separation and not easily comforted on return. |
| What is disorganized attachment? | Child shows confused, inconsistent, or fearful behavior toward caregiver. |
| Secure attachment behaviors (childhood/adulthood)? | Trusting, emotionally open, comfortable with closeness and independence. |
| Avoidant attachment behaviors (childhood/adulthood)? | Clingy, fears abandonment, seeks constant reassurance. |
| Anxious attachment behaviors (childhood/adulthood)? | Clingy, fears abandonment, seeks constant reassurance. |
| Why is caregiver responsiveness important? | Consistent, sensitive caregiving leads to secure attachment. |
| How does early attachment affect adult relationships? | It influences trust, emotional regulation, and intimacy. |
| How is insecure attachment linked to addiction? | Insecure attachment may increase reliance on substances for emotional regulation. |
| What did Harlow’s experiments show? | Infant monkeys preferred soft, comforting “mothers” over wire mothers with food. |
| What is contact comfort? | The need for physical closeness and comfort in attachment. |
| What were the effects of attachment deprivation in Harlow’s studies? | Social difficulties, fearfulness, and impaired relationships. |
| Disorganized attachment behaviors (childhood/adulthood)? | Unpredictable relationships, difficulty trusting others. |
| What is trust vs. mistrust? | Infancy; learning whether caregivers are reliable and responsive. |
| What is autonomy vs. shame & doubt? | Toddlerhood; developing independence and self-control. |
| What is initiative vs. guilt? | Early childhood; learning to initiate activities and assert control. |
| What is industry vs. inferiority? | Middle childhood; developing competence through school and tasks. |
| What is identity vs. role confusion? | Adolescence; forming a personal identity and sense of self. |
| What is intimacy vs. isolation? | Young adulthood; forming close, meaningful relationships. |
| What is generativity vs. stagnation? | Middle adulthood; contributing to society and guiding others. |
| What is integrity vs. despair? | Late adulthood; reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret. |
| What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? | Moral reasoning develops through three levels based on reasoning, not behavior. |
| What is the preconventional level? | Morality based on punishment and rewards. |
| What is the conventional level? | Morality based on social rules and approval. |
| What is the postconventional level? | Morality based on universal ethical principles. |
| What is the Heinz dilemma? | A moral problem used to assess reasoning about stealing a drug to save a life. |
| How is the Heinz dilemma interpreted? | Focus is on why a decision is made, not the choice itself. |
| How do culture and gender affect moral development? | Moral reasoning varies across cultures and may emphasize care over justice. |
| What are critiques of Kohlberg’s theory? | Cultural bias, gender bias, and overemphasis on justice reasoning. |
| What is authoritative parenting? | High warmth, high control; linked to best developmental outcomes. |
| What is authoritative parenting? | Low warmth, high control; strict and obedience-focused. |
| What is permissive parenting? | High warmth, low control; few rules or limits. |
| Uninvolved Parenting | Low warmth, low control; emotionally detached. |
| How do peers and parents influence development? | Parents influence values; peers influence social behavior and identity. |
| What are possible effects of divorce on development? | Stress, emotional challenges; effects depend on conflict and support. |
| How does culture affect parenting and attachment? | Cultural values shape parenting styles and expectations. |
| How do early social interactions affect personality? | They shape emotional regulation, self-esteem, and relationships. |
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