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Tyler Pollock Ch.5
Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| natural supports | Resources in person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers. |
| Intellectual functioning | general mentsl capacity, such as learning, reasoning, and problem solving |
| adaptive behavior | The social and practical intelligence used in people's everyday lives; along with IQ, is considered in making a determination of intellectual disability. |
| social intelligence | One's ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people; such as whether someone is angry or happy; a component of adaptive behavior, which, in addition to IQ is used to determine whether someone has ontellectual disabilities. |
| practical intelligence | Ability to solve everyday problems. |
| mild mental retardation or intellectual disability | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 50-70. |
| moderate intellectual disability | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 35-50. |
| severe intellectual disability | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 20-35. |
| profound intellectual disability | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 20. |
| intellectual disabilities | The newer term for "mental retardation"; a disability in intelligence and adaptive behavior. |
| supports | Recourses and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, and personal well-being; critical to the AAIDD's conceptualization of intellectual disanilities. |
| prenatal | The time before birth. |
| perinatal | The time of birth. |
| postnatal | The time after birth. |
| chromosomal disorders | Any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellectual disabilities. |
| down syndrome | A condition resulting from an abnormality with the 21st pair of chromlsomes; characterized by intellectual disability and such physical signs as slanted-appearing eyes, hypotonia, a single palmar crease, shortness, & a tendency toward obesity. |
| chromosome | A rod-chaped entitiy in the nucleus of the cell; contains genes, which convey hereditary characteristics; each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| trisomy 21 | A type of Down syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47, rather than the normal 46, chromosomes in all. |
| maternal serum screening | A method of screening the fetus for developmental disabilities such as Down syndrome or spina bifida; a blood sample is taken from the mother and analyzed; if it is positive, a more accurate test such as amniocentesis pr CVS is usually recommended. |
| nuchal translucency ultrasound | A method of screening for Down syndrome; fluid from behind the fetus' neck and protein from the mother's blood are analyzed. |
| amniocentesis | A medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommended to determine the prescence of abnormality. |
| spina bifida | A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development. |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | A method of testing the unborn fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, a small amount of tissue from the chorion is extracted and tested; can be done earlier than amniocentesis but the risk of miscarriage is slightly higher. |
| Fragile X syndrome | A condition in which the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes is pinched off; can result in a number of physical anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities. |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | Caused by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes; leading genetic cause of obesity; degree of ontellectual disabilities varies, but the majority fall within the mild intellectual disability range. |
| sleep apnea | Cessation of breathing while sleeping. |
| scoliosis | An abnormal curvature of the spine. |
| Williams syndrome | A condition resulting from deletion of material in the seventh pair of chromosomes; often results in mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, heart defects, and elfin facial features. |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | Deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements; can sometimes result in intellectual disabilities; PKU is an example. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | A metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain deveopment. |
| microcephalus | A condition causing development of a small, cone-shaped; proper development of the brain is prevented, resulting in intellectual disabilities. |
| hydrocephalus | A condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASD) | A range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range from mild to severe. |
| Rubella (German measles) | A serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause a deformaity in the fetus. |
| anoxia | Deprivation of oxygen; can cause brain injury. |
| low birth weight (LBW) | Babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 lbs; usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, such as intellectual disabilities. |
| syphilis | A venereal disease that can cause mental subnormality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother-to-be during the latter stages of fetal development. |
| herpes simplex | A viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the later stages of fetal development, it can cause mental subnormality in the child. |
| meningitis | A bacterial or viral infection of the innings of the brain or spinal cord; can cause a number of disabilities. |
| enceohalitis | An inflammation of the brain; can affect the child's mental development adversely. |
| mental age | Age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used in comparison to chronological age to determine IQ. IQ=(mental age/chronological age)x100. |
| chronological age | Refers to how old a person is; used in comparison to mental age to determine IQ. IQ= (mental age/chronological age)x 100 |
| working memory (WM) | The ability to remember information while also performing other cognitive operations. |
| self-regulation | Refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior; an area of difficulty for persons who have intellectual disabilities. |
| metacongnition | One's understanding of the strategies available for learning a task and the regulatory mechanisms needed to complete the task. |
| behavioral phenotype | A collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms, that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome. |
| explicit instruction | Clear, direct, and precise instruction; frequent use of modeling. |
| systematic instruction | Teahching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance, and transfer of stimulus control; often used with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| functional academics | Teaching academics, such as reading and math, in context of daily living skills; goal is for student to learn skills to function independently, used most often with students who have intellectual disabilities. |
| deinstitutionalization movement | Advocates crusade for closing of large residential institutions for people with intellectual and mental disabilities; begun in 1950s and up through the 1970s. |
| sheltered workshop | A facility that provides a structured environment for people with disabilities in which they can learn skills; can be either a transitional placement or a permanent arrangement. |
| supported competitive employment | A workplace where adults who have disabilities earn at least minimum wage and receive ongoing assistance from a specialist or job coach; the majority of workers in the workplace do not have disabilities. |
| job coach | A person who assists adult workers with disabilities, providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, & interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies. |
| self-determination | Having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; developments over one's life span. |
| learned helplessness | A motivational term referring to a condition in which a person believes that no matter how hard he or she tries, failure will result. |
| person-centered planning | A method of planning for people with disabilities that places the person and the person's family at the center of the planning process. |
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