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Chapter 5
Terms and Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| natural support | Help or assistance that a student with disabilities gets from teachers, classmates, or school staff as part of the regular classroom, rather than from a paid aide or special program. |
| adaptive behavior | social and practical intelligence that is used in peoples everyday lives. |
| social intelligence | Abilities used to interact appropriately with others, including following rules, understanding social cues, and forming relationships. |
| practical intelligence | Daily living skills like personal care, safety, job responsibilities, and managing routines. |
| supports | An approach that focuses on the types and levels of assistance a person needs to function successfully. |
| severe | A level of ID requiring extensive support for communication, self-care, and daily activities. |
| profound | A level of ID involving very significant limitations and the need for constant, intensive support. |
| intellectual disabilities | A disability involving significant limits in intellectual ability and adaptive behavior that begins before age 18. |
| prenatal | Factors before birth (such as genetic conditions or exposure to substances) that may lead to intellectual disability. |
| perinatal | Factors occurring during birth, such as oxygen deprivation or premature birth. |
| chromosomes disorders | Health or developmental problems caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes in a person’s cells. |
| down syndrome | condition that results in abnormality with 21st pair of chromosomes. |
| chromosomes | rod-shaped entity nucleus of a cell. |
| trisomy 21 | A genetic condition also known as Down syndrome, where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. |
| maternal serum screening | A blood test during pregnancy that checks the mother’s blood for certain substances to assess the risk of chromosomal disorders (like Down syndrome/Trisomy 21) or other birth defects in the baby. |
| nuchal translucency ultrasound | A special ultrasound done during early pregnancy (around 11–14 weeks) that measures the fluid at the back of the baby’s neck. |
| amniocentesis | medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus. |
| spina bifida | A birth defect where a baby’s spinal column doesn’t close completely during early development in the womb. |
| chronic villus sampling (CVS) | method testing the unborn fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, such as down sydrome. |
| fragile X syndrome | A genetic condition that causes intellectual disability and is more common in males. |
| Pradar-Willi syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by a problem with chromosome 15, leading to physical, intellectual, and behavioral challenges. |
| Williams syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by a small deletion on chromosome 7, affecting physical development, learning, and behavior. |
| Inborn erros of metabolism | A group of genetic disorders in which the body cannot properly process certain nutrients (like proteins, fats, or sugars) because an enzyme is missing or not working correctly. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | A rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods. |
| microcephalus | A condition in which a person’s head and brain are smaller than normal, often due to abnormal brain development before or after birth. |
| hydrocephalus | A condition in which too much cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain, causing increased pressure and enlargement of the head. |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | A range of disorders in children who se mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy. |
| Rubella (German measles) | A viral infection that usually causes mild symptoms, but can be very serious during pregnancy. |
| anoxia | deprivation of oxygen |
| Low birth weight (LBW) | A condition in which a baby is born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2,500 grams). |
| syphilis | A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria. |
| herpes simplex | A viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). |
| meningitis | An infection that causes inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) around the brain and spinal cord. |
| encephalitis | an inflammation of the brain. |
| mental age | A measure of a person’s intellectual functioning based on the age at which average individuals achieve the same level of performance on tests. |
| chronological age | refers to how old a person is; used to comapred to mental age for IQ. |
| working memory (WM) | The part of your memory that holds and manages information temporarily so you can use it to think, learn, or solve problems. |
| behavioral phenotypes | collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behavioral. |
| explicit instruction | clear, direct, and precise instruction. |
| systematic instruction | A teaching method that breaks learning into small, clear steps and teaches them in a planned, organized order, often with practice, prompts, and feedback to help students master skills. |
| functional academics | teaching academic such as reading, writing and math in their daily living skills. |
| deinstitutionalization movement | A social and policy movement that aimed to move people with mental illnesses or developmental disabilities out of large institutions and into community-based care and services. |
| sheltered workshop | A supervised workplace that provides jobs and training for people with disabilities, often in a separate setting from the general workforce and typically for lower wages. |
| supported competitive employment | A model that helps people with disabilities get and keep regular, paid jobs in the community, with supports such as job coaching, accommodations, and ongoing assistance as needed. |
| Job coach | A professional who supports individuals with disabilities by helping them learn job tasks, adjust to the workplace, communicate with employers, and succeed in competitive employment. |
| self-deteremination | The ability to make choices, set goals, and advocate for oneself. |
| learned helplessness | A condition in which a person believes they have no control over situations because of repeated failures or lack of choice, leading them to stop trying even when success is possible. |
| person-centered planning | An approach that focuses on an individual’s strengths, preferences, and goals. |
| Moderate | A level of ID where individuals need ongoing instruction and support for daily living and work skills. |
Created by:
giselleusc