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Microbio Exam 1 Feb2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glycocalyx | glycolipid layer in form of capsule or slime layer, helps cells attach or signal to each other |
| how can we see the glycocalyx? | negative staining! |
| 4 bacterial flagella arrangements: | monotrichous + polar, ampitrichous + polar (ambidextrous), lophotrichous + polar, peritrichous |
| monotrichous + polar | 1 flagella at one polar end |
| ampitrichous + polar | ambidextrous, flagella on either end so can travel in either direction |
| lophotrichous and polar | tufts on one end of cell |
| peritrichous | tufts surrounding cell |
| pili | like an extending arm to bring cells closer to exchange DNA |
| conjugation | how bacterial cells exchange DNA |
| bacteria shapes: | cocci (circle), bacilli (rod), spirochete (spiral), vibrio (coma-shape) |
| bacteria arrangements: | diplo (pairs), strep (chains), staph (clusters) |
| enzymes end in? | -ase |
| what is a cofactor? | non-protein organic molecule, electron carrier or metal that is the helper molecule portion of an enzyme |
| what's an apoenzyme? | protein part of an enzyme |
| what's a holoenzyme? | cofactor + apoenzyme, the whole enzyme |
| how does an enzyme work? | substrate binds to active site on enzyme, and gets broken apart |
| are enzymatic reactions reversible? | YES! |
| enzymatic reactions can be raised/lowered by: | temperature, substrate concentration, pH |
| what happens in enzymatic reactions if temperature is lowered? | molecules slow down and so does reaction rate |
| what happens in enzymatic reactions if temperature is raised? | proteins can be killed and denatured (fall apart), most won't fold back into proteins |
| what happens if substrate concentration is increased? | it plateaus, the cell won't break down more |
| competitive inhibitor is | molecule that competes for the active site, temporary |
| noncompetitive inhibitor is | molecule that binds to other parts of enzyme, changing shape of active site, permanent |
| is the active site specific or general? | SPECIFIC! |
| what's feedback inhibition? | substrates become a non-competitive inhibitor, shutting down production until the product runs out, then it leaves and the enzyme processes it again! |
| chemoheterotroph | uses chemicals for energy, needs organic molecules |
| chemoautotroph | uses chemicals, can break down CO2 |
| photoheterotroph | uses light for energy, needs organic molecules |
| photoautotroph | uses light, can break down CO2 |
| what is metabolism? | sum of catabolic and anabolic reactions |
| catabolic reactions: | builds up ATP |
| anabolic reactions: | break down ATP and larger molecules |
| how to write a scientific name? | Genus letter capitalized, species name lowercased, all italicized |
| nomenclature | system of naming organisms, part of taxonomic classification |
| endosymbiotic theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic, likely gram-negative cells |
| spontaneous generation | outdated theory that cells can arise from non-living matter, like frogs from soil |
| biogenesis | proposed by Virchow, living cells arise from preexisting cells |
| germ theory of disease | diseases are caused by germs/microorganisms invading body |
| Pasteur | combatted spontaneous generation, 2 broth with different swan necks experiment |
| Alexander Flemming | antibiotics |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | first to describe bacteria and protists, "father of microbio", improved microscope |
| Robert Hooke | first to use term "cell", improved microscope further |
| what is the nucleoid? | circular part of prokaryote/bacteria that contains DNA |
| endospores are: | seed-like bacterial dormant strucutres during times of stress |
| sporulation refers to: | endospore formation |
| germination refers to: | return to vegetative state |
| ribosomal subunits in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes: | prokaryotes: 30s and 50s, 70s is how fast they move in gradient, eukaryotes: 40s and 60s, 80s is how fast they move |
| essential role of bacteria: | decompose organic material and recycle elements |
| what combatted spontaneous generation? | cell theory - all cells arise from preexisting cells |
| Francesco Redi | combatted spontaneous generation, meat in jar, one open, one closed, only open one produced maggots, proves cell theory |
| are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes and why? | prokaryotes, no membrane-bound organelles, nucleus (have a nucleoid) and are unicellular |
| nucleoid vs nucleus: | nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and are membrane-bound, nucleoid has no membrane and is free-floating |
| what is gram positive, and what is its membrane made up of? | purple, thick peptidoglycan outer layer |
| what's gram negative, and what's the membrane composed of? | pink, lipoprotein layer, thin peptidoglycan layer, produces fever when LPS is broken down (lipopolysachharides) |
| are gram negative or gram positive cells affected by antibiotics? | gram positive cells, since antibiotics break down peptidoglycan layer |
| what does run and tumble mean in bacteria? | run - swimming, tumble - like snow tumbling |
| simple stain | uses one dye to see specimen shape, number, size and arragement type |
| negative stain | dyes the background to reveal capsule/glycocalyx |
| acid-fast stain | neither gram-positive or gram-negative, have a mycolic acid (waxy) membrane |
| gram stain | membrane type (positive is peptidoglycan, negative is LPS+ lipoprotein and small peptidoglycan) |
| simple vs differential stain: | simple - uses one dye, differential - uses multiple dyes to distinguish microorganisms |
| fluid mosaic model | structure of plasma membrane as a mosaic of components - proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol |
| allosteric site | where a non-substrate molecules binds non-competitively to enzyme, like in feedback inhibiton! |
| objective lens | scanning (4x), low power (10x), high power (40x), oil (100x) |
| ocular lens | 10x (eyepiece) |
| condenser lens | focuses light onto the stage |
| refractive index | refractive index of oil is similar to glass which is why the oil helps focus light on the specimen |
| when microscope magnification increases what happens? | the barrel of the objective gets thinner |
| how to fix cells? | run them through a Bunsen burner, dehydrate them with methanol for 1 minute |
| what does a mordant do? | a mordant, like iodine, helps increase the affinity of the stain to the specimen, creating the CVI complex (crystal violet + iodine) |
| acidic dyes have what charge? | negative charge, repels against slight negative charge in cell membrane, dyeing the background only! |
| basic dyes have what charge? | positive ions, attract to slight negative charge in cell membrane |
| dyes in gram staining: | crystal violet, iodine (mordant), safranin |
| dyes in acid-fast staining: | acid fuchsin dye, acid alcohol, methylene blue |
| dyes in simple-staining: | methylene blue, iodine (mordant) |
| dyes in negative staining: | nigrosine dye |
| biofilms are: | groups of bacteria that clump together, and they can be different species, stronger together, makes up plaque on teeth, slipptery rocks in streams ties them down from being washed away |
Created by:
AKDakd