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Week 1 and 2
Healthcare Ethics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| critique of principlism | doesn't give direct action, needs unified moral theory/clear moral rules and ideals, needs procedure for determining when to violate rules, contains several competing theories within principles |
| ethics | generic term for various ways of understanding and examining moral life |
| practical ethics | applied ethics; attempt to implement general norms and theories for particular problems and contexts |
| descriptive ethics | nonformative; factual investigation of moral conduct beliefs |
| metaethics | nonformative; analysis of language, concepts, and methods of reasoning ethics |
| Dax Cowert case overview | burns approx. 65%, severe damage both eyes, 14 months of treatment, said wanted to die, mentally competent, depression and suicide attempt post discharge, got married, became a lawyer/activist, continued to say rights violated, died from cancer at 71 |
| Tuskegee syphilis study | over 40 yr period, 400 infected, 0 received treatment, wanted to study "natural course," 28 men died directly of advanced syphilis, told they were getting treatment, racism is foundation, 1969 CDC said to continue, were excluded from free treatment |
| Beecher ethics and clinical research | not for benefit of pt but pts in general, people unaware they are experiments, pts never gave fully informed consent, Harvard dr that called out unethical research, 12% seem unethical, 500+ unethical found, "experiment is ethical at its inception" |
| research | testing to see if a new idea is correct |
| practice | something done to help a person knowing it should make them better |
| Belmont report | basic rules to ethical treatment of research participants |
| researchers must follow... | respect of persons, beneficence, and justice |
| informed consent | information, comprehension, and voluntariness |
| assessment of risk vs benefit | never treat inhumanely, never be more than needed to reach goal, extra strong reasons for particular group of people, documented and shared with pts |
| cultural relativism | any practice you do that is morally good is only good in your culture |
| modus tollens | if P then Q not Q therefore, not P |
| importance of morality | shows that you value morality more than your own life |
| universal morality | thin rules everyone shares |
| common morality | set of norms all serious persons share regardless of culture or background, allows cross-cultural norms |
| community-specific morality | additional norms varied by culture |
| the four principles | principlism; not absolute rules; respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice |
| respect for autonomy | right to make informed decisions |
| beneficence | actively doing good |
| justice | fair distribution of benefits, risks, and costs |
| prima facie | "at first appearance;" obligation must be fulfilled unless conflicts with equal or stronger obligation |
| genuine moral dilemma | reasonable people can disagree |
| specification | adding balance to abstract principles |
| balancing | weighing conflicting principles against each other in particular cases |
| moral disagreement | no right answer, reach a justified conclusion while being open to other perspectives |
| nonlmaleficence | do no harm; primum non nocere |
| primum non nocere | do no harm |
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