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History
Chapter four early Christian Ireland.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When was iron in use in Ireland | 500-300BC in Ireland based on evidence archaeologists have. |
| Where did the celts arrive in Ireland from? | Central Europe,which’s as modern day Austria and Switzerland.bringing with them culture,language,religion,knowledge of iron working. |
| Why did Celtic culture quickly become dominant in Ireland | Because iron was much stronger than bronze and soon became main metal used for tools and weapons. |
| What was the Celtic society orgianized in. | It was divided into tuath(kingdoms) all ruled by a rí(king) under his were aos dána( people with special skillls such as brehons(judges) or druids(priests), below that were farmers,and at bottom were labourers and slaves. |
| What were the Celts in terms of religion? | The celts were pagans,they worshipped various gods,often with a focus on nature or earth. |
| What were druids? | Spiritual figures,similar to priests in pre Christian Celtic Ireland. |
| What did the Celts do with their dead? | The celts cremated their dead and buried the remains in a pit or cist grave,along with grave goods, |
| What did the celts mark graves with? | The celts often marked graves with ogham stones,these standing stones which were used to mark boundaries and also features the earliest form of writing in Ireland, |
| What was ogham writing? | A series of horizontal and diagonal lines along a central vertical line. |
| What to historians was the first official source about Christianity in Ireland | For historians,it’s dated AD 431, when a bishop named palladius was sent to the Irish who believe in Christ, |
| Who was the most famous bishop to travel to Ireland? | St Patrick,brought to Ireland from walked as a slave at 16, after six years he escaped to Britain but later returned as a bishop to spread Christianity,between 432 and 461 AD he worked mainly in north,founded many churches and missions. |
| How do we know this. | We know all of this from his book st Patrick’s confessio, in it he says he baptised thousands and ordained clerics everywhere. |
| When pagan celts started to be converted to christians,what would happen to festivals | They gradually became absorbed into Christianity,for example Samhain became Halloween. |
| What is a monastery. | A closed religious community. |
| What is a monk | Monks are men who dedicate themselves to a religious order and to life in a monastery |
| What were nuns | Women who also devoted themselves to god by becoming nuns. |
| Where did monks live | Close communities known as convents,and exmaple would be the first Irish monastery called Inis mór founded by st ends on the Aran islands around 500 AD |
| Name two more examples of convents. | St Ciarán in Clonmacnoise,St Colmcille in Derry. |
| How did the monks live? | They spent their days praying and working,praying 6-8 times a day,farm working including ploughing,milking,harvesting and grinding corn,monks were self sufficient meaning they produced all the food they needed. |
| What were Irish monasteries famous as? | Irish monasteries were famous as the best in the world for teaching of poetry,literature,arts and the gospel, |
| What was Ireland known as | The land of saints and scholars, |
| Where were large monasteries build | Large monasteries such as glendalough and clomfert were built along important routes,having regular contact with nearby towns, |
| Where were small monasteries built. | Far more remote spots such as skellig Michael in co.keery,about a dozen monks lives in a steep rockery island with a small stone church here. |
| Where did a monk sleep? | A beehive hut,a small stone hut shaped like a beehive where the monks slept. |
| where was soil brought from? | To plant,Grow food,soil was brought from the mainland. |
| Why weee monks in extreme isolation? | This extreme isolation allowed monks to better focus on gOd and work. |
| What was aoratry in early Christian Ireland | A church made of wood or stone where monks attended mass or prayed. |
| What was a scriptorium in early Christian Ireland | A room where manuscriots were copied by hand and illustrated by scribes, |
| What was a reflectory in early Christian Ireland | Where monks ate meals. |
| What was a round tower in early Christian Ireland | A bell tower and safe place for people and treasures if monastery ever went under attack, |
| Describe a round tower and name one example, | A round towers door was many metres above ground and could not be reached without a ladder,its few windows weee also high up so that a lookout could spot attackers,example is round owed in glendaougH in co Wicklow. |
| What were the celts art style | La tène art style,it featured spirals,florals,fantasy animals and curved lines,the celts also crafted intracite gold jewlerry,thus style continued to influence later generations of Irish art. |
| What were manuscripts and what did they contain | Manscripts contains the gospels and psalms from bible,accounts of lives of saints and also Celtic myths and sagas,they were books written by hand often in Latin on sheepskin parchment or vellum (calfskin) |
| What were manuscripts decorated with | Illuminated with Celtic patterns in vividly coloured inks make from berries,crushed acorns,powdered rocks metals and beetles for pens,monks used quills,good feathers sharpened and dipped in ink. |
| Name 2 examples of manuscripts | The catach of st Columba (st colmcille) the oldest Irish manuscript it dates from late sixth century AD The book of durrow created between AD650 and 700, kept in trinity college library Book of kells,also kept at trinity college Dublin,dates to 800AD |
| What does the book of kells contain | It is a copy of four gospels |
| What metalwork did Irish monks make | Chalices,broached,bells,cups,and belts, the monks decorated silver with gold,amber enamel and coloured glass, |
| What writing did monks make? | Intricate good writing called filigree.celtic designs can be seen in their work which shows overlap between Christian beliefs and pagan traditions, |
| Give two examples of metalwork made by monks | The Ardagh chalice,(8th century) derrynaflan chalice( early 9th century) |
| Give two more examples that aren’t chalices. | The bell of st Patrick and its shrine(cover) dates from eight to ninth century while shrine is a later date Cross of Dong dates to twelfth century. |
| Who crafted high crosses | Gifted stonemason monks. |
| What was a high cross | A free standing stone cross usually with elaborate carvings showing biblical scenes,e.g Adam and Eve. |
| Why were high crosses helpful | Most people at time couldn’t read nor write,so these scenes helped to teach bible stories complex Celtic patterns surrounded these scenes. |
| Give two examples of these crosses. | The cross of scriptures in Clomacnoise co.offaly (late tenth century) and muiredachs cross in monasterboice,co.louth (mid ninth to early tenth centur) |
| What was known as the dark ages | AD500 to AD 1000 |
| Why did many monks travel abroad | The new threat of Viking attacks at home led many monks travelling abroad to found monasteries throughout Europe. |
| What did Irish monks abroad do? | The Irish monks abroad produced manuscripts in Irish style worked to convert Europe to Christianity,known as the golden age of Irish monasteries |
| Name one monk who went abroad and what he did | St colmcille,he founded monasteries in durrow and Derry in Ireland,and in Iona off the Scottish coast, |
| What were longships | The vikings boats were called longships,capable of crossing story seas but sink shallow enough to sail up rivers. |
| What skills did the Viking’s have? | Shipbuilding and navigational skills. |
| Where did the vikings come from? | Eight century Scandinavia (modern day Denmark,Sweden,Norway) |
| What was the first recorded Viking attack on Ireland | 795 AD, focused on rich monasteries,one pillaged that year was Co Antrim. |
| What were longphorts! | Camps by the water used as a base for raids,by the mid ninth century Viking’s were establishing these everywhere. |
| Where longphorts temporary? | Many where,but some or others grew into important trading posts and large towns, |
| Name three towns that were once longphorts | Wexford,Waterford,Wicklow. |
| To vikings what were monasteries,and what did they do to them? | They were islolated places,full of tresses and without worries to defend them,the Vikings took captives to sell as slaves as well as cattle and any food stores, |
| Where monasteries attacked by native Irish people aswell | Often yes |
| How did the Vikings influence Irish culture and society | They founded towns e,g Dublin, Introduced currency (coins.) to Ireland and opened more trade links with Europe. New words to ueish language such as bróg(shoe) Many Irish surnames are of Viking origin such as Doyle,Higgins,Reynolds. |
| How did christian Ireland symbols influence Ireland now | Symbols that represent Ireland to this day can be linked to the history of Christianity on the island,e,g Brigids cross or the shamrock associated with st Patrick,who used it to explain the holy trinity,also represents Ireland. |
| How much of the population was Christian after early Christian Ireland | Early Christian Ireland left a mark on Ireland forever showing that because 84.6 percent of the population of Ireland identifying as Christian shows how much they left their mark with their religious practices and monasteries and churches. |
| Give two examples of places names in Ireland that reveal a religious origin . | Kilkenny,downpatrick |
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