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A&P Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is included in the integumentary system? | Hair, Skin, Nails |
| What is the job of the integumentary system? | To protect the organism from the external environment |
| What is included in the cardiovascular system? | Heart, Blood, and Blood vessels |
| What is the job of the cardiovascular system? | The blood distributes o2 and nutrients to all body cells |
| What is Metabolism? | All chemical reactions that occur within the body cells |
| What is anabolism? | Synthesizing more complex structures |
| What is catabolism? | Breaking down substances into simpler building blocks |
| What is Homeostasis? | Maintenance of a stable environment in the body |
| What is a variable? | The factor or event being regulated |
| What is the receptor? | the sensor that monitors the environments and responds to change |
| What is the stimulus? | The thing that produces the change |
| What is the "control center" | determines the level or range at which the variable should be controlled. = set point |
| What is the effector? | provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus |
| What is the negative feedback loop | a self-regulating control mechanism in which a system responds to a change by initiating processes that counteract or reverse that change, bringing the system back to a stable, equilibrium state (homeostasis) |
| What is a negative feedback loop example? | When you get hot you sweat to cool your body down |
| What is the positive feedback loop? | a process where a system's output amplifies the original input, creating a self-reinforcing cycle that pushes the system further away from its starting point, often leading to rapid change, escalation, or completion. |
| What are some positive feedback loop examples? | -Labor contractions - Platelet plug formation - Milk let down |
| What are acids? | proton (hydrogen ion) donors (release H+ in solution) |
| What are bases? | proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution |
| What is oxidation? | A chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. |
| What are the 3 classes of sugars | Monosaccharides (1 sugar) Disaccharides - (2 sugar) Polysaccharides (many sugar) Oligosaccharides (Short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides) |
| What is glycogen? | the body's primary way to store glucose (sugar) for quick energy |
| What are triglycerides | a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood that store unused calories and provide your body with energy |
| What are the main functions of triglycerides? | Energy storage Insulation Protection |
| What are phospholipids? | a major class of lipids composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic) |
| What are Eicosanoids? | potent, short-lived signaling molecules derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (primarily arachidonic acid) that regulate local physiological processes. |
| How many carbon atoms are in steroids? | 17 |
| What is known as the "parent" steroid? | cholesterol |
| What are proteins made up of? | amino acids |
| What is the protein primary structure? | the unique, linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain. -Sequence of amino acids within protein molecule -Primary structure is encoded by genes |
| What is the protein secondary structure? | the local, regular folding patterns of a protein's polypeptide backbone, primarily the alpha-helix (α-helix) and beta-pleated sheet (β-sheet), -Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds |
| What is the protein tertiary structure? | its unique, complex 3D shape, formed by the further folding and coiling of secondary structures (like alpha-helices and beta-sheets) into a final, functional form, stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains (R-groups) through bonds |
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? | collagen |
| What is the cell theory composed of? | All living organisms are composed of cells Cells are the smallest living units Cells arise from pre-existing cells Cells carry out metabolism Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology) |
| What is cytosol? | the fluid portion in cytoplasm |
| What are the different types of passive transport? | Facilitated diffusion - Uses transport protein Osmosis - water moving across a membrane Simple diffusion - movement of particles from high to low |
| What does hypertonic mean? | High amount of water outside the cell |
| what does hypotonic mean? | High amount of water inside the cell |
| What does isotonic mean? | equal amount of water in and out the cell |
| What is hydrolysis? | the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| What is the sodium potassium pump? | a vital transmembrane protein in animal cells that uses ATP to actively transport 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell. |
| What is phagocytosis? | "Cell eating" |
| What is Exocytosis? | Secretion out of cell |
| What is the least complex to most complex form of life? | Atom of oxygen Molecule of water RNA Epithelial tissue A kidney Reproductive system |
| An ion channel that is open when bound to a chemical messenger like a hormone or neurotransmitter is called? | Ligand gated channel |
| RBC’s have a 0.9% NaCl cytosol concentration. RBC’s are permeable to water but not NaCl. Placing an RBC in which of the following solutions is most likely to cause the cell to shrink / crenate? | Sea water with 3.5 % NaCl concentration, which is hypertonic to the cell |
| Which plasma membrane component would be used in order to detect whether Cell “X” is from your body or is a dangerous pathogen? | A protein with a carbohydrate chain attached to it. |
| What is the primary function of the control center in a homeostatic reflex arc? | To analyze input and determine a response |
| A patient is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, a condition where thick mucus builds up in the lungs due to a failure to transport chloride ions out of cells. Which type of membrane protein is likely defective? | Channel protein |
| What are the building blocks of DNA? | Nucleotides |
| Which of the following conditions can lead to protein denaturation in the human body? | High fever or extreme Ph changes |
| Which two systems are primarily responsible for acting as the control center in the human body? | Nervous and endocrine system |
| During an organ transplant, the recipient’s immune system may attack the new organ because it doesn't recognize the donor's cells as "self." This recognition is primarily facilitated by which membrane component? | Glycoproteins |
| Arrange the following structures in the correct order following activation by a first messenger | G protein, enzyme, second messenger, metabolic effects |
| What type of sugar is found in DNA? | Deoxyribose |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of life? | Having mass |
| The esophagus, stomach, and small intestine are components of which system? | Digestive system |
| Cellulose and starch are examples of | Polysaccharides |
| The organ system of the body that distributes nutrients to the tissues is the ________ system. | Circulatory |
| During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place? | Hydrolysis |
| The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that directly brings about change is the ? | Effector |
| True or False, The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction? | True |
| In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ____________.? | Control center |
| Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule and is carried out by a(n) _______________ enzyme. | Kinase |
| The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that directly brings about change is the | effector |
| What is the most abundant component of cell membranes? | Phospholipids |
| An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________. | Active site |
| Proteins that adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________. | peripheral proteins |
| A cell engulfing a relatively large volume of fluid with its dissolved solutes will likely utilize which of the following types of transport? | Pinocytosis |
| Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________. | receptors |
| True or False? Connective tissue allows our digestive tract to rapidly replace dead cells. | False |
| What are dendrites? | The branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body |
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