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Geo Unit 1 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How did the Solar System form? | formed 4.6 Ga from a cloud of dust and gas to form a solar nebula, gravity pulled material to the center to create the sun, in the area around the sun the densest material coalesced first to form the cores of rocky planets |
| What type of event happened in Chelyabinsk, Russia? | Asteroid estimated at 12-13,000 metric tons, Velocity = ~18.6 km/sec or 41,750 mi/hr, entered Earth’s atmosphere at a shallow angle, airburst shockwave |
| Where do meteorites and asteroids come from and what is their composition? | Asteroids and meteorites are leftover material from constant colliding for 600 million years, and Earth's differentiating into layers. |
| What is the equation to calculate density? | mass/volume |
| What are the hazards associated with asteroid impacts? | Hit land or water? What angle? What size? What density? Populated areas? Global Climate Change is the most concerning hazard |
| Barringer Meteor Crater, AZ | 50,000 years ago |
| Chicxulub Impact Crater, Mexico | 10 miles in diamater, 460 trillion tons, Yucatan Peninsula, 66 Ma, crater 93 miles wide, 12 miles deep, 3rd largest known on earth, caused mile high tsunami and world wide earthquake, extinction of dinos |
| Sudbury Impact Crater, Ontario Canado | Likely a comet 1.5 Ga, 220 Km in diamater, major nickel and copper mine from 1904, tons of metal production |
| Evidence for Plate Tectonics by Alfred Vegener 1 | Continents can be assembled like puzzle pieces into a signal supercontinent called that was named Pangaea by Alfred Vegener (1912). |
| Evidence for Plate Tectonics by Alfred Vegener 2 | In the reconstruction, ancient mountain belts are reassembled. For example, the Caledonian Mountains of western Europe = Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. |
| Evidence for Plate Tectonics by Alfred Vegener 3 | Coal deposits along the ancient equator and south pole glacial deposits are also reassembled. |
| Evidence for Plate Tectonics produced by modern techniques | Fossils of certain extinct plants and animals existed on different continents, but these plants and animals were not capable of crossing oceans, so the land must have been connected in the past. |
| How does the Eath's surface change, hiding or erasing this record? | Tectonic plates shift, changing the shape or erasing the impact completely. |
| Why do they have the current distribution when probability is equal everywhere? | They are the known impact craters. |
| Where aer humans most at risk? | Earth is a solid sphere, so all surfaces have the some probability of being impacted. |
| What direction does a divergent boundary move? | Away from each other |
| What type of tectonic activity happens in a divergent boundary? | Seafloor spreading ridges and continental rifts |
| Is divergent tectonic activity a hazard to humans? | yes |
| What land forms are created? | Mid Ocean ridges, volcanic activity that creates islands and volcanoes |
| Oceanic Divergent Rifts | East Pacific Rift, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Boundary between Juan De Fuca and Pacific Plate |
| Continental Divergent Rifts | East African Rift, the one in Iceland |
| What direction do transform boundaries move relative to each other? | They slide past each other |
| What type of tectonic activity happens here? | Frequent shallow earthquakes |
| Is transform tectonic activity a hazard to humans? | yes |
| What land forms are created from a transform boundary? | fault lines, rift valleys |
| Oceanic Transform Boundaries | The stair steps between divergent boundaries, The Caribbean Plate |
| Continental Transform Rifts | The Dead Sea Fault, The San Andres Fault |
| What direction do convergent boundaries moves? | Towards each other |
| What type of tectonic activity happens at a convergent boundary? | forms high mountains, deep ocean trenches, subduction, volcanoes, and powerful earthquakes. |
| Is convergent activity a hazard to humans? | yes |
| What land forms do convergent boundaries form? | high mountains, volcanoes, ocean trenches |
| What are the three different types of convergent boundaries? | Ocean-Continent (volcanic arcs, mountains, ocean trenches), Ocean-Ocean (volcanic arcs and islands, ocean trench), Continent-Continent (high mountains) |
| What is the Ring of Fire? | . Stretching from New Zealand, through Southeast Asia, Japan, Alaska, and down the west coasts of North and South America, seismically active zone for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to converging tectonic plates |
| Ocean-Continent Convergent Boundaries | Andes Mountains in Peru and Chile |
| Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundaries | Marianas Islands and Trench |
| Continent-Continent Convergent Boundaries | Himalayan Mountains |
| Where is magma formed? | Above the subducting oceanic plate beneath the continent (Convergent), At the mid-ocean ridge (divergent boundary) |
| Q1: What happened when the asteroid entered the atmosphere over Chelyabinsk? | It exploded into 100s of fragments that fell to Earth |
| Two meteorites occupy the same volume. Meteorite A is made of Iron (Fe) & has a mass of 312 grams (g). Meteorite B is made of igneous rock & has a mass of 176 g. | A: Density = Mass/Volume, the higher the mass, the higher the density (given equal volumes) |
| Q3: Where did the large amount of metal at the Sudbury crater come from? | From the mantle as it melted due to the force, depth and heat of the impact. |
| Q4: Why is the Sudbury Impact site an oval but the Barringer and Chicxulub Impact sites are circles? | Sudbury is much older than Barringer and Chicxulub, allowing more time for tectonic movement to change its shape. |
| Q5: How do we determine the probability of an impact? | It depends on the size of the meteorite or asteroid It depends on the orbit of the meteorite or asteroid It depends on Earth’s orbit |
| Q1: Which element is NOT a major constituent in meteorites & asteroids? | Uranium (U) |
| Which source of meteorites & asteroids in our solar system consists primarily of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)? | Mantle material from rocky planets |
| What statement about the probability of an asteroid impact on Earth is CORRECT? | The probability of an asteroid impact on Earth is the same everywhere |
| Why are known impacts not evenly distributed on Earth’s continents? | Erosion and weathering Plate Tectonics Some crust is MUCH older Not every impact site has been discovered |
| What places on Earth are at GREATEST RISK to humans of an impact? | All locations on Earth’s surface have the same probability of being impacted, but continents are at greater RISK because of potential damage & loss of life |
| What do you think causes tectonic activity? | Release of heat from Earth’s interior and the movement of lithospheric plates |
| Based on the properties of continental and oceanic crust, which will subduct at a continent-ocean convergent boundary? | Because oceanic crust is thinner and more dense |
| The Earth’s tectonic plates are in constant motion at a rate equal to that at which your fingernail grows. All of Earth’s plates move at the same speed. | False |
| The rheology of the lower mantle is: | Strong plastic solid |
| Earth’s lithospheric plates slowly move as a result of: | Convection in the asthenosphere (mantle) |
| Choose the item below that is NOT a plate boundary type. | Resurgent |
| Ocean-ocean divergent boundaries is where new ocean crust is created, what type of rock is created here? | Basalt |
| What process at convergent boundaries creates volcanoes and an ocean trench? | Subduction of oceanic plates |
| Which one of the following locations is not a convergent boundary? | West coast of Africa |
| What tectonic process does NOT exist at continent-continent convergent boundaries, which is why there are no (to very few) volcanoes at these boundaries? | Subduction. Without subduction and the release of water from the downgoing slab there is no creation of melt in the asthenosphere, which means there are no volcanoes at Earth’s surface. |
| What is tectonic activity and where is it concentrated? | Tectonic activity is the movement and interaction of Earth's tectonic plates, concentrated along plate boundaries |
| What tectonic activity outlines lithospheric plate positioning? | earthquakes, volcanoes, and convection |
| What is the current movement of the plates? | Slow, minimum |
Created by:
mme293