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APHY Exam2 & LabV
Histology - Feb. 4 exams
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve |
| epithelial tissue cellularity | composed almost entirely of cells, very little cell matrix |
| epithelial special contacts | form continous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes |
| epithelial polarity | apical and basal surfaces (basal nearest the basement membrane) |
| epithelial support | connective tissue: reticular tissue and basal laminae |
| basement membrane | layer directly below the epithelial cells |
| epithelial vascularity and innervation | avascular but innervated |
| epithelial distinctive quality | regenerative - rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division |
| classification of epithelia | by number of layers, by shape of luminal cells |
| epithelial layers classifications | simple or stratified |
| epithelial shapes of luminal cells | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| squamous | flat, tile-like |
| cuboidal | cube-shaped |
| columnar | cell is taller than it is wide |
| simple squamous epithelia appearance | single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm |
| simple squamous epithelia functions | diffusion and filtration, provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems |
| simple squamous epithelia locations | kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, ventral serosae and in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs |
| simple cuboidal epithelia appearance | single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei |
| simple cuboidal epithelia functions | secretion and absorption |
| simple cuboidal epithelia locations | present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands like sweat glands, and ovary surface |
| simple columnar epithelia appearance | single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia. Also, goblet cells that produce mucus are often found in this tissue |
| simple columnar epithelia functions | absorption and secretion |
| simple columnar epithelia further types and locations | nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder; ciliated type line small bronchi (air tubes in lungs), uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
| cilia's role in simple columnar epithelia | cilia help move substances like dust-laden mucus or an ovum through internal passageways |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelia appearance | single layer of cells with different heights; some don't reach free surface--nuclei seen at diff heights that appear stratified |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelia functions | secretion and propulsion of mucus |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelia locations | nonciliated present in the male sperm-carrying ducts; ciliated present in the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract |
| stratified squamous epithelia appearance | thick membrane composed of several layers of flat, tile-like cells; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattened (squamous); surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis |
| stratified squamous epithelia functions | protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion |
| stratified squamous epithelia locations | forms the external part of the skin's epidermis (KERATINIZED cells); and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (NONKERATINIZED cells) |
| stratified cuboidal epithelia appearance | layers of cuboidal cells typically 2 cells layers thick |
| stratified cuboidal epithelia functions | secretion and absorption, just like the simple variety |
| stratified cuboidal epithelia locations | quite rare in the body, found in some sweat and mammary glands |
| stratified columnar epithelia appearance | layers of columnar epithelia typically 2 cell layers thick |
| stratified columnar epithelia functions | secretion and absorption |
| stratified columnar epithelia locations | limited distribution in the body, found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts, also occurring at transition areas between two other types of epithelia |
| transitional epithelia appearance | several cell layers thick resembling both stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, surface cells are DOME shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch |
| transitional epithelia function | stretched to permit distension (due to filling) of the urinary bladder |
| transitional epithelia locations | lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra |
| glandular epithelia definition | gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid, importantly glands are epithelial tissue classified by site of product release and relative number of cells forming the gland |
| glandular epithelia 2 types classed by site of product release | endocrine or exocrine |
| glandular epithelia 2 types classed by relative number of cells forming the gland | unicellular or multicellular |
| endocrine glands | ductless glands that produce hormones (chemical messengers in the body) SECRETIONS ARE MADE DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD SUPPLY |
| what secretions do endocrine glands include? | AAs, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids |
| exocrine glands | glands with ducts that secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. more numerous than endocrine glands |
| exocrine glands examples | mucus, sweat, oil, and salivary glands |
| the only important unicellular gland | THE GOBLET CELL |
| multicellular exocrine glands composition | composed of a duct and secretory unit |
| multicellular exocrine glands classified by | duct type and structure of their secretory units |
| multicellular exocrine glands duct types | simple glands have a single, unbranched duct; compound glands have a duct that has branches |
| multicellular exocrine glands secretory units | tubular glands have no swelling at the ends of the ducts; alveolar or acinar ("berry") have a swelling at the end |
| tubuloalveolar or tubuloacinar | glands that have both tubular and alveolar (swelling) structure of secretory units |
| 3 (technically 2) modes of secretion for glands | merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine |
| merocrine secretion | products excreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat and salivary glands) |
| holocrine secretion | products are secreted by RUPTURE of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands). the "HOL" cell breaks down |
| apocrine secretion | products are secreted by exocytosis but were mistakenly thought to secrete products by breaking off chunks of the "apex" of the cell |
| 4 types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood |
| connective tissue proper cellular ancestors | fibroblasts into fibrocytes |
| cartilage ancestors | chondroblasts into chondrocytes |
| osseous (bone) ancestors | osteoblasts into osteocytes |
| blood ancestors | hematopoietic stem cells into blood cells (see ch. 17) and macrophages |
| connective tissue proper subclasses | loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue |
| loose connective tissue 3 types | areolar, adipose, reticular |
| dense connective tissue 3 types | regular, irregular, elastic |
| connective tissue proper matrix components | gel-like ground substances; all three fiber types (collagen, elastic, reticular) |
| connective tissue general function | acts as a binding tissue; resists mechanical stress, particularly tension |
| cartilage subclasses | hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage |
| cartilage matrix components | gel-like ground substance, collagen fibers, elastin fibers in some |
| cartilage general function | resists compression; cushions and supports body structures |
| osseous (bone) subclasses | compact bone, spongy (cancellous) bone |
| osseous matrix components | gel-like ground substance hardened with calcium salts; collagen fibers |
| osseous tissue general function | rigidness that resists compression and tension; support |
| blood subclasses | leukocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes... rest in ch. 17 |
| blood matrix components | liquid plasma; no fibers |
| blood general function | fluid tissue; transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes |
| 4 functions of connective tissue | binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation |
| characteristics of connective tissue | mesenchymic embryonic tissue of origin, varying degrees of vascularity, NONLIVING ECM, consisting of ground substance and fibers |
| structural elements of connective tissue | ground substance, fibers, cells |
| ground substance | unstructured material that fills the space between cells; interstitial (tissue, extracellular) fluid |
| ground substance proteins | adhesion proteins - fibronectin and laminin; GAGs - glycosaminoglycans (proteoglycans) |
| ground substance proteoglycan structure note | proteoglycan molecules attract a lot of water and hold onto it, this causes the matrix to be gel-like and well-hydrated |
| ground substance function | functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells |
| 3 types of fibers in connective tissue | collagen, elastic, or reticular |
| collagen fiber characteristics | tough; provides high tensile strength, very strong when pulled along its length |
| elastic fiber characteristics | long, thin fibers that allow for stretch AND RECOIL (snap-back) |
| reticular fiber characteristics | branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks |
| 4 types of cells in connective tissue | fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells |
| note about -blast | often refers to a young cell that is actively producing something (like fibers or ground substance) |
| hematopoiesis, hemopoiesis | production of blood cells |
| fibroblast cells go with what connective tissue? | connective tissue proper |
| chondroblasts go with what connective tissue? | cartilage |
| osteoblasts go with? | bone |
| hematopoietic stem cells go with? | blood |
| blood has what kind of cells in it? | RBCs, WBCs, plasma cells, macrophages and mast cells... |
| reference image, not sure if important | areolar connective tissue model on p. 41 of 79 on my cumulative Histology PPT (section B) |
| mesenchyme | embryonic connective tissue with gel-like ground substance, fibers, and star-shaped mesenchymal cells |
| mesenchyme function | gives rise to all other connective tissue |
| mesenchyme location | found in the embryo |
| loose areolar connective tissue proper - appearance | [pylons] gel-like matrix with all 3 connective tissue fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some WBCs |
| loose areolar connective tissue proper - function | wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid |
| loose areolar connective tissue proper - location | widely distributed under epithelia of body (e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs; surrounds capillaries) |
| loose - adipose connective tissue proper - appearance | matrix similar to areolar connective tissue (though scanty) with CLOSELY PACKED adipocytes; nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet |
| loose - adipose connective tissue proper - functions | reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, supports & protects. Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs |
| loose - adipose connective tissue proper - locations | under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts |
| loose - reticular connective tissue proper - appearance | [thumbprint tree] loose ground substance with reticular fibers; reticular cells lie in a fiber network |
| loose - reticular connective tissue proper - function | forms a soft internal skeleton or STROMA that supports other cell types |
| loose - reticular connective tissue proper - locations | found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen |
| dense regular connective tissue proper - appearance | [wavy] parallel collagen fibers with a few elastin fibers |
| dense regular connective tissue proper - major cell type | fibroblasts |
| dense regular connective tissue proper - function | attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone |
| dense regular connective tissue proper - locations | found in tendons (muscle to bone), most ligaments (bone to bone) and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle - rare) |
| dense irregular connective tissue proper - appearance | [fingernails] irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers, major cell type fibroblasts |
| dense irregular connective tissue proper - function | withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength |
| dense irregular connective tissue proper - locations | dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ and joint capsules; sclera of the eye |
| hyaline cartilage connective tissue - appearance | [pom seeds] amorphous (can be deformed), firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers; chondrocytes lie in lacunae |
| hyaline cartilage connective tissue - functions | supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression |
| hyaline cartilage connective tissue - locations | forms the costal cartilages; found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx |
| elastic cartilage connective tissue - appearance | [dill] similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers that look like short black threads |
| elastic cartilage connective tissue - functions | maintains shape and structure while allowing great flexibility |
| elastic cartilage connective tissue - locations | supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis |
| fibrocartilage connective tissue - appearance | [hair across loom] matrix similar to hyaline but less firm with thick collagen fibers and chondrocytes that tend to line up in rows of 4-5 |
| fibrocartilage connective tissue - functions | provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock |
| fibrocartilage connective tissue - locations | found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and in menisci of the knee joint |
| osseous connective tissue - appearance | hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone looking like sawed-off tree trunks, contains lamellae layers ("tree rings") |
| cells of osseous connective tissue | osteocytes that are found in lacunae and are well vascularized |
| osseous connective tissue - functions | supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action; stores calcium, minerals, and fat; marrow inside is site of hematopoiesis |
| osseous connective tissue - location | all bones of the body |
| blood connective tissue - appearance | red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) with erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
| blood connective tissue - functions | transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| blood connective tissue - locations | contained within blood vessels and the heart |
| nervous tissue - appearance | branched neurons with long cellular processes (dendrites and axons) and support cells (neuroglia) |
| nervous tissue - functions | transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) |
| nervous tissue electric note | ! always travel from dentrites to cell body (soma) to axon |
| nervous tissue - locations | found in brain, spinal cord & peripheral nerves |
| skeletal muscle tissue - appearance | long, cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations |
| skeletal muscle tissue - functions | initiates and controls voluntary movement; locomotion, manipulation of environment; facial expression |
| skeletal muscle tissue - locations | found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin |
| cardiac muscle tissue - appearance | branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs |
| cardiac muscle tissue - function | propels blood into the circulation |
| cardiac muscle tissue - location | found in walls of the heart |
| smooth muscle tissue - appearance | sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations |
| smooth muscle tissue - function | propels substance along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis; urination; childbirth); involuntary control |
| smooth muscle tissue - location | found in the walls of hollow organs |
| tissue trauma causes what? | inflammation |
| inflammation is characterized by? | vasodilation; increase in vessel permeability; redness, heat, swelling, pain |
| "calor" | heat |
| "dolor" | pain |
| "rubor" | redness |
| "tumor" | swelling |
| epithelial membranes | cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, serous membranes |
| mucous membranes | lines body cavities OPEN to the exterior e.g. digestive and respiratory tracts |
| serous membranes | moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity; can be visceral or parietal |
| serous membranes names | visceral and parietal peritoneum; visceral and parietal pleura; visceral and parietal pericardium |
| dense - elastic connective tissue proper - appearance | dense regular with high proportion of elastic fibers |
| dense - elastic connective tissue proper - function | stretched and recoils (as with a pulse) |
| dense - elastic connective tissue proper - location | found in large arteries (i.e. aorta, carotid), certain ligaments of verterbral column (ligamentum flavum) & bronchial tubes |
| Mucus that protects your stomach lining is secreted by | simple columnar tissue. |
| It lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum. | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Columnar cells are mostly associated with | absorption and secretion |
| digestive tract lining has two distinct modifications that make it ideal for that dual function of secretion and absorption | Dense microvilli on the apical surface of absorptive cells; Tubular glands made primarily of cells that secrete mucus containing intestinal juice |
| Simple squamous epithelium secretes what? | serous fluid in serous membranes. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium functions in? | secretion in the kidney tubules as well as ducts and secretory portions of small glands. |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium is quite rare in the body, mostly found where? | in the ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat glands, mammary glands). |
| Most of the upper respiratory tract is lined with what? | pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules are lined with what? | simple columnar epithelium. |
| Adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium is a thin supporting sheet called the? | basal lamina (“sheet”) |
| basal lamina (“sheet”) consists of? | glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers; acts as a selective filter for molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue. also acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound |
| Dense irregular connective tissue is the primary tissue of the? | dermis |
| Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate | Fibrocartilage |
| Mast cells | cluster along blood vessels. oval cells detect foreign microorganisms & initiate local inflammatory responses. cytoplasm contains secretory granules: Heparin (anticoagulant), Histamine, makes capillaries leaky, and Proteases (protein-degrading enzymes) |
| Widely distributed under epithelia, packages organs | areolar connective tissue (loose) |
| 5 types of tissue that are very good at regenerating | Epithelial tissues, bone tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood |
| moderate capacity for regeneration | Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue |
| weak regenerative capacity | skeletal muscle and cartilage |
| virtually no functional regenerative capacity | Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord |
| Embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types? | epithelial tissue and nervous tissue |
| Nervous tissue develops solely from | embryonic ectoderm |
| epithelial tissues develop from | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryonic tissue |
| lines the interior of blood vessels | Simple squamous endothelium |
| 3 of the functions of areolar connective tissue | defending the body against infection, support and binding of other tissues, holding body fluids |
| All connective tissues share what features in common? | All connective tissues have a common, mesenchymal origin and secrete ground substance. |
| mucin | It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus. |
| is transportation of bodily substances a role of connective tissue? | yes (blood) |
| Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm can all give rise to | epithelial tissues. |
| Which of the primary germ layers can produce epithelial tissues? | Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues. |
Created by:
elianayu