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hematology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hematology | the study of blood |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood; contains clotting factors |
| morphology | the appearance of a cell |
| RBC's | erythrocytes |
| -penia | reduced ____ count |
| hematocrit (Hct) | ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood |
| reticulocytes | young RBC's that contain RNA |
| WBC | leukocytes |
| polymorphonuclears (PMNs) | first responders in the immune system; multi-lobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules |
| band neutrophils | less mature neutrophils w/ a nonsegmented nucleus |
| eosinophils | have round, bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules filled w proteins |
| basophils | have dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus |
| lymphocytes (lymphs) | recognize antigens and mount immune system responses |
| monocytes | immature macrophages passing thru the blood; most abundant cell type in the body |
| platelets (PLTs) | thrombocytes |
| -cytosis | elevated _____ counts |
| complete blood count (CBC) | measures RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs; lavender top tube |
| lavender top tube | EDTA; goes to hematology |
| green top tube | sodium heparin; goes to chemistry |
| blue top tube | sodium citrate; coagulation |
| blood film examination | visual examination using a wedge-prep blood film on a glass slide and staining it using wright or wright-giemsa stain |
| endothelial cells | layer of cells between blood and tissues |
| coagulation | plasma proteins, enzymes, and enzyme cofactors producing a clot |
| fibrinolysis | system of enzymes and cofactors that digest clots to restore the vessel |
| immunophenotyping | cell membrane epitopes using monoclonal ab labeled w/ fluorescent dyes |
| cytogenics | examines hematopoietic cells in bone marrow to identify large numerical or structural abnormalities in chromosomes |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | one of the oldest hematology tests which detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity |
| clot activators | accelerates the clotting process and decreases the specimen preparation time (glass or silica particles found in clot activator red tubes) |
| anticoagulants | prevents blood from clotting |
| what do EDTA, citrate, and oxalate do? | anticoagulants; bind calcium needed for clotting by forming insoluble salts |
| what does heparin do? | anticoagulant; binds to antithrombin to inhibit thrombin |
| antiglycolytic agent | inhibits the metabolism of glucose by blood cells; needed if glucose testing is delayed (sodium fluoride) |
| veins for phlebotomy | median cubital, cephalic, basilic |
| hemoconcentration | increased concentration of cells, molecules, and analytes in blood from a shift in water balance |
| hemolysis | rupture of RBCs |
| petechiae | small red spots indicating blood escaping into the skin |
| edema | swelling from an abnormal acumulation in the intercellular spaces within tissues |
| compound microscope | uses two separate lens systems (objective + eyepiece) |
| interpupillary control | controls space between eyepieces; gives you one clear image |
| optical tube | connects eyepiece to objective lens |
| numerical aperture (NA) | the light gathering ability of the objective lens |
| chromatic abberations | color fringing around objects |
| parfocal | ability for specimen to stay focused as the objective is switched |
| condenser | directs light thru the specimen |
| aperture diaphragm | controls the angle and amount of light sent thru the specimen |
| contrast | ability to enhance |
| resolution | ability to differentiate fine details |
| critical illumination | focuses light at the specimen giving UNEVEN brightness |
| koehler illumination | aligns the light source and condenser to provide evenly distributed light |
| type A immersion oil | low viscosity & is used for fluorescence and darkfield |
| type B immersion oil | high viscosity; routinely used in hematology labs |
| type C immersion oil | high viscosity; used for microscopes with long focus objectibes and wide condenser gaps |
| phase contrast | produces differences in optical path to illuminate a transparent specimen; commonly used to count platelets in a hemacytometer |
| polarized light | uses two filters to create light and get it to the right place |
| darkfield | employs a special condenser to send light up towards the specimen in a hollow cone; used in microbio |
| where should the condenser be located when using the x100 oil objective? | highest position |
| parcentric | ability to remain centered as the objectives are switched |
| quality control | ensures a test method is working correctly |
| quality assurance | ensures labs are reliable |
| reliability | ability to produce consistent results |
| precision | closeness of results of different tests |
| specific | absence of a disease giving a negative result |
| standard deviation (SD) | square root of the variance and is the mean distance of all the data points in a sample from the sample mean |
| fluorescent | used with fluorochrome dyes to identify lymphocyte subsets |
| routine differentials are done with a _________ microscope | brightfield |
| ____________ microscopes are used to identify crystals in synovial fluid | polarized |
| Protime (PT) and partial thromboplastin time are collected in what color tube? | blue |
Created by:
kingsleya27