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Science Finals
Science Finals Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Weather | The atmospheric conditions along with short-term changes, of a certain place at a certain time |
| Air pressure | The pressure that a column of air exerts on the air or a surface, below it |
| Humidity | The amount of water vapor in the air |
| Relative humidity | The amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air could contain at that temperature |
| Dew point | Temperature which air is fully saturated because of decreasing temperatures while holding the amount of moisture constant |
| Precipitation | Water, in liquid form, that falls from the atmosphere |
| Water Cycle | The series of natural processes by which water continually moves throughout the hydrosphere |
| High Pressure system | A large body of circulating air with high pressure at its center and lower pressure outside of the system |
| Low pressure system | A large body of circulating air with low pressure at its center andhigher pressure outside of the system |
| Air masses | A large area of air that has uniform temperature, humidity and pressure |
| Front | A boundry between two air masses |
| Tornado | A violent, whirling column of air in contact with the ground |
| Hurricane | An intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 199 km/h |
| Blizzard | A violent winter storm charectized by freezing temperatures, strong winds, and blowing snow |
| Surface report | A description of a set of weather measurements made on Earth's surface |
| Upper-air report | A description of wind, temperature, and humidity conditions above Earth's surface |
| Doppler radar | A specialized type of radar that can detect precipitation as well as the movement of small particles, which can used to aproximate wind speed |
| Isobar | Lines that connect all places on a map where pressure has the same value |
| Computer model | Detailed computer programs that solve a set of complex mathematical formulas |
| Climate | The long-term average weather conditions that occur in a particular region |
| Rain shadow | An area of low rainfall on the downhill slope of a mountain |
| Specific heat | The amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of material 1C |
| Microclimate | A localized climate that is different from the climate of the larger area surrounding it |
| Ice age | A period of time when a large portion of earth's surface is covered by glaciers |
| Interglacial | A warm period that occurs during an ice age |
| El Niño/southern oscillation | The combined ocean and atmospheric cycle that results in weakened trade winds across the Pacific Ocean |
| Monsoon | A wind circulations pattern that changes direction the seasons |
| Drought | A period of bellow-average precipitation |
| Global warming | An increase in the average temperature on earth's surface |
| Greenhouse gas | A gas in the atmosphere that absorbs earth's outgoing infrared radiation |
| Deforestation | A removal of large areas of firests for human purposes |
| Global climate model | A set of complex equations used to predict future climate |
| Energy | The ability to cause change |
| Kinetic energy | Energy due to motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy due to the interactions between objects or particles |
| Work | The amount of energy used as a force moves an object over a distance |
| Mechanical energy | Some of the potential energy and the kinetic energy in a system |
| Sound enrgy | Energy carried by sound waves |
| Thermal energy | The sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up an object |
| Electric energy | Energy carried by an electric current |
| Radiant energy | Energy carried by an electromagnetic wave |
| Nuclear energy | Energy stored in and released from the nucleus of an atom |
| Law of concervation of energy | Law that states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
| Friction | A contact force that resists the sliding motion of two surfaces that are touching |
| Heat | The movement of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature |
| Conduction | Transfer of thermal energy due to collisions between particles |
| Thermal conductor | A material through thermal energy flows quickly |
| Thermal insulator | A material through thermal energy flows slowly |
| Convection | The circulation of particles within a material caused by differences in thermal energy and density in the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another |
| Radiation | The transfer of therrmal energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Reference point | The starting point you use to describe the motion or the position of an object |
| Position | An object's distance and direction from a refrence point |
| Displacement | The difference between the initial, or starting, position and the final position of an object that has moved |
| Motion | The process of changing position |
| Speed | The distance an object moves divided by the time it takes to move that distance |
| Velocity | The speed and direction of a moving object |
| Acceleration | A measure of the change in velocity during a period of time |
| Distance-time graph | A graph that shows how distance and time are related |
| Speed-time graph | A graph that shows the speed of an object on the y-axis nd time on the x-axis |
| Force | A push or pull on an object |
| Contact force | A push or pull on ane object by another object that is touching it |
| Noncontact force | A force that one object applies to another object without touching it |
| Gravity | A attractive force that exists between all objects that have mass |
| Friction | A contact force that resists the sliding motion of two surfaces that are touching |
| Air resistance | A frictional force between air and objects moving through it |
| Newton's first law of motion | law that states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the motion of the object does not change |
| Newton's second law of motion | law that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force exerted on the object divided by the object’s mass. |
| Newton's third law of motion | law that states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
| Organism | Something that has all the characteristics of life |
| Cell | The smallest unit of life |
| Unicellular | A living thing that is made up of only one cell |
| Multicellular | 11 thing that is made up of two or more cells |
| Homeostasis | An organisms ability to maintain study internal conditions when out conditions change |
| Binomial nomenclature | A name in system that gives each organism a two-word scientific name |
| Species | A group of organisms that have similar traits and are able to produce fertile offspring |
| Genus | A group of similar species |
| Dichotomous Key | A series of descriptions arranged in pairs that lead the identification of an unknown organism |
| Cladogram | A branch diagram that shows the relationships among organisms, including common ancestors |
| Light microscope | A micro microscope that uses slight and lenses to enlarge an image of an object |
| Compound microscope | A light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object |
| Electron microscope | A microscope that uses a magnetic field to focus a beam of electrons through an object onto an object surface |
| Cell theory | The Siri that states that all things are made of one or more cells the cell is the smallest unit of life and all new cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Macromolecule | Substance that forms from joining many small molecules together |
| Nucleic acid | A macromolecule that forms when lung chains of molecules called nucleotides join together |
| Protein | A long chain of animal acid molecules contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
| Lipid | A large micro molecule that does not dissolve in water |
| Carbohydrate | A macromolecule made up of one or more sugar molecules, which are composed of carbon hydrogen, and oxygen usually the bodies, major source of energy |
| Cell membrane | A flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside the cell |
| Cell wall | I stiff structure outside the cell membrane that protects a cell from attack by viruses and other harmful organisms |
| Cytoplasm | The liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane contains salts and other molecules |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of threadlike proteins join joined together that gives a cell its shape and help helps it move |
| Organelle | Membrane-surrounded component of a eukaryotic cell with a specialized function |
| Nucleous | Part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activity and contains genetic information starting in DNA |
| Chloroplast | A membrane-bound organelle that uses slight energy and makes food, a sugar called glucose, from water and carbon dioxide in a process known as photosynthesis |
| Passive transport | The movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell's energy |
| Diffusion | The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | The process by which molecules pass to a cell membrane, using special proteins, called transport proteins |
| Active transport | The movement of substances to a cell membrane using the cell's energy |
| Endocytosis | The process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane |
| Exocytosis | The process during which a cell's vesicles release their contents outside the cell |
| Cellular respiration | A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP |
| Glycolysis | I processed by which glucose, a sugar is broken down into smaller molecules |
| Fermentation | A reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low |
| Photosynthesis | A series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and CO2 into the food-energy molecule glucose, and give off oxygen |
| Organ system | A group of organs that work together and perform a specific task |
| Homeostasis | An organism's ability to maintain study internal conditions when outside conditions change |
| Nutrient | A part of food used by the body to grow and survive |
| Calorie | The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C |
| Lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell that is made in the thymus, the suleen and bone marrow |
| Immunity | The resistance to specific patrogens, or disease-causing agents |
| Compact bone | The hard, outlayer of bone |
| Spongy bone | The interior region of bone that contains many tiny holes |
| Neuron | The basic functioning unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell |
| Reflex | An automatic movement in response to a stimulus |
| Hormone | A chemical signal that is produced by an endocrine gland in one part of an organism and carried in the bloodstream to another part of the organism |
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