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2.1.2 vital signs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| temp | is the temp that your body is in the moment |
| temperature hyperthermia | Hyperthermia is a dangerous, often life-threatening condition characterized by an abnormally high body temperature, usually exceeding 100.4 |
| temperature Hypothermia | Hypothermia is a life-threatening medical emergency occurring when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core temperature to drop below 95 |
| Thermometer | A thermometer is a device that measures temperature—how hot or cold a substance is—by using a sensor that reacts to heat changes. |
| Heart Rate Beats per minute | Heart rate, measured in beats per minute (BPM), is the number of times the heart contracts within 60 seconds |
| heart rate pulse | Your resting heart rate is the number of times your heart beats each minute while you are awake, calm and not moving. A lower resting heart rate usually means the heart doesn't have to work as hard to pump blood through the body. |
| heart rate Tachycardia | Tachycardia is an abnormally fast resting heart rate, generally defined as exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm) in adults |
| heart rate Bradycardia | an abnormally slow resting heart rate fewer then 60 beats per minute |
| heart rate Radial Artery Carotid Artery | number of times your heart beats per minute (bpm), measured by feeling the pulse in arteries. typically 60-100 bpm for adults. The radial artery is used for routine checks, while the carotid artery is used for quick, strong, or emergency pulses |
| respiratory rate Breaths per minute, inspiration Expiration | Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken per minute,normal rate for adults being 12–20 breaths per minute.Inspiration is the active process of inhaling air.while expiration is the passive process of exhaling it, essential for oxygenating blood |
| blood oxygen | Blood Oxygen Saturation / Pulse Oximetry Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂): The percentage of hemoglobin molecules in your blood carrying oxygen. Normal range: Usually 95–100% in healthy people. Measured by: Pulse oximeter. |
| pulse ox | A non-invasive device clipped onto your finger, earlobe, or toe. Uses light absorption to estimate the proportion of oxygenated hemoglobin vs. deoxygenated hemoglobin. Provides two key readings: SpO₂ (%) – oxygen saturation and your bpm |
| oxygen | The molecule that red blood cells carry from the lungs to tissues. Binds to hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Low oxygen levels → hypoxemia → organs don’t get enough oxygen. |
| carbon dioxide | Waste product of cellular respiration. Carried in blood mostly as bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), some dissolved CO₂, and some bound to hemoglobin. High CO₂ → hypercapnia → can affect blood pH. |
| hemoglobin | Protein inside red blood cells (erythrocytes). Function: binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. Also carries a portion of CO₂ back to the lungs. Normal Hb levels: Men: ~13.8–17.2 g/dL Women: ~12.1–15.1 g/dL |
| Erythrocytes | Cells that contain hemoglobin. Transport oxygen from lungs → tissues and CO₂ from tissues → lungs. Lifespan: ~120 days. Low erythrocyte count → anemia → low oxygen transport |
| blood pressure | The force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps. Expressed as systolic/diastolic in mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Normal range: ~120/80 mmHg. |
| Sphygmomanometer | Device used to measure blood pressure. Can be manual (with a cuff and mercury or aneroid gauge) or digital. |
| Systole / Systolic Pressure | Systole: When the heart contracts and pushes blood into arteries. Systolic pressure: The highest pressure in arteries during heart contraction. Example: In 120/80 mmHg, 120 is systolic. |
| Diastole / Diastolic Pressure | Diastole: When the heart relaxes and fills with blood. Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure in arteries between beats. Example: In 120/80 mmHg, 80 is diastolic. |
| mmHg | Unit of measurement for blood pressure. Stands for millimeters of mercury. |
| Korotkoff Sounds | Sounds heard through a stethoscope while measuring BP with a manual cuff. First sound: Systolic pressure. Last sound: Diastolic pressure. |
| Brachial Artery | The main artery in the upper arm used to measure blood pressure. The cuff of a sphygmomanometer is placed around the arm here. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure (>130/80 mmHg). Risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure (<90/60 mmHg). Can cause dizziness, fainting, or shock. |
| Stethoscope | Tool used to listen to internal body sounds, such as heartbeats and Korotkoff sounds. Essential for manual blood pressure measurement. |
| Electrocardiogram | (EKG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart beats, including the rate and rhythm, and can help detect heart problems such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, or other cardiac conditions. |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value that estimates a person’s body fat based on their weight in relation to their height. underweight (<18.5) Normal weight (18.5–24.9) Overweight (25–29.9) Obese (30 or higher) |
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