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History II
History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| At the start of the century, power in western Europe was balanced among several countries, all with strong armies. True/False | True |
| What countries got caught up in a revolution at the end of the 18th century? | France and Britain |
| Why was music easier to share in the 18th century | better roads and communications. This made sharing new ideas to far away places easier |
| aristocrat definition | someone whose family has a high social rank, especially someone who has a title. |
| Pastoral Themes | idealizing rural or country life in songs, poem, etc. |
| More people are getting educated. Learning is cool. True/False | True |
| Opera was invented in the 18th century. True/False | False, opera was invented during the Baroque period and was improved and refined during the 18th century |
| When is the Baroque period? | 1600-1750 |
| Works of older composers were not much played after their deaths T/F (18th century) | True |
| There was a small market for selling new pieces. T/F | False, there was a large market, people demanded new music to be made. Vivaldi was a composer during this time. |
| Supporters of aristocratic values promoted music that was ---------------and criticized music preferred by the middle class for what they regarded as --------------. | Simple and expressive. Bad taste, excessive complexity |
| Main Italian Baroque music centers: | Naples, Rome, Venice |
| In Italy, what music still reigns supreme as the most prestigious and expensive kind of work? | Opera |
| Naples | 4 conservatories orphaned young boys Music school most were singers, many castrati - castration |
| Rome | Opera was less popular (Pope & Catholicism) castrati Lots of money in Rome used to have composers create music other than opera such as instrumental works |
| Venice | Most glamorous city in Europe Public festivals with music Vibrant musical life had 6 opera companies |
| Vivaldi | Virtuoso violinist, teacher, composer Music director at Pieta (musical orphanage for the poor, ladies were famous for music, and men were sent to learn a trade) Ordained as priest in 1703 but did not practice |
| What helped Vivaldi be able to compose so much music so quickly? | Vivaldi created formulaic processes that worked for him Also had musicians he could experiment with at all times Sequencing |
| Vivaldi 3 movement scheme | fast, slow, fast |
| How many cultural centers does France have and what is it? | one, Paris |
| Only in -------- could new operas be performed, then they could be performed elsewhere | Paris |
| composer who led the movement to try to actively blend French and Italian styles | François Couperin (1668-1713): |
| What was Les Nations? (composed by Couperin) | The Nations was a loosely connected set of works that each contained a sonata da chiesa (churchsonata in Italian style) followed by a suite of dances (a traditionally French form). |
| Jean-Philippe Rameau | most famous theorist ever wrote one of the most important music theory treatises ever root-and-inversion theory coined the terms tonic, dominant, and subdominant codified what a modulation is |
| Rameau's composition that set out the rules for tonality and tonal composition | Wrote Traité de l’harmonie (Treatise on Harmony) |
| Theory generally follows composition, it does not precede it. t/f | true |
| What is Rameau most well known for | his stage works |
| Quarrel of the comic actors | the name for the battle between critics about the merits of French and Italian opera. |
| How did musicians typically earn a living during this time period? | Musicians often had court or civic appointments that gave them a salary but supplemented these by giving public concerts, teaching, and by selling their compositions to publishers. |
| Why might composers need to supplement their pay with performances? | No royalty or copyright laws existed yet, so people were copying music without paying the composer |
| Georgg Teleman | known as a very good composer. wrote A LOT of music. wrote operas, passions, and church cantatas combined french, italian, and german music |
| Bach | hard working man, didn't view himself too highly Lived and worked in Protestant Germany His music stopped being played after he died (until the 19th c) did not write operas church organist, concert master, court master middle class salary |
| How did Bach compose his music? | Wrote out compositions from other composers, tweaked his work |
| cantata meaning and evolution | started as "any sung piece" worked its way to movements |
| Bach's church music | B minor mass Passions (soloists and choir) |
| Georg(e) Frideric Handel (1685-1759) | Born the same year as Bach Traveled. Studied in Germany and Italy and spent time in England as a mature composer |
| Recitativo secco | Sparse accompaniment, just continuo, with the text set in a dry, speechlike manner. |
| Recitativo accompagnato | accompanied recitative. Less dry, with orchestral accompaniment or at least with orchestral interjections in the accompaniment. |
| Oratorio | An oratorio is a large-scale musical work for orchestra, choir, and solo singers that tells a story—usually on a religious topic—without costumes, acting, or staging. It is performed like a concert rather than an opera. |
| Who created the first successful oratorios in English? | Handel Gave the chorus more of a role |
| Why are oratorios appealing? | no costume could be performed anytime of the year appealed to the middle class |
| Saul synopsis | King Saul orders his son to kill David because he is jealous. When his son refuses, Saul seeks advice from a witch, who summons a prophet’s ghost that predicts Saul and his son will die in battle and David will become king. The prophecy comes true |
| What years was their both a classic-period style and Baroque style? | 1720 to about 1750 |
| galant homme | (gallant man) was a person of fashion, who was gracefully elegant, cultured, witty, charming, and virtuous without being overly pious |
| New galant style characteristics | gracefully elegant, light, pleasurable, charming, witty, easily understood, not old and fusty and loaded with complicated counterpoint |
| Cosmopolitan definition | describes someone or something that is familiar with and influenced by many different cultures. In music or art, it often means blending international styles rather than reflecting just one tradition |
| When kings send their sons and daughters to be married in other countries, what is brought with them? | Their courts including their musicians |
| who proposed in 1752 that the ideal musical style blended the best features of music from all natons. | Johann Joachim Quantz (a German composer and flute player |
| The Enlightenment | Individual faith and practical morality over church hierarchy and power Naturalness over artificiality Universal education and growing social equality individuals have rights |
| How did the Enlightenment influence music and opera? | Music became more accessible and enjoyable for a general audience, emphasizing clarity, balance, and simplicity (e.g., galant style). Operas began featuring stories and characters that ordinary people could relate to. |
| What role did amateur musicians play in society during the elightenment? | Amateur musicians learned and performed music for enjoyment, social status, and sometimes public performance, helping spread musical culture. |
| Why were piano lessons for young women considered socially important? | Piano lessons made young women more “accomplished,” increasing their social value and making them more desirable as wives, which in turn raised the status of their husbands. |
| Amateurs vs connoisseurs | Amateurs: someone who loves music Connoisseurs: someone who knows music |
| it was understood that feelings were not fixed in one condition for a long time, but were fluid, might change frequently, and were sometimes contradictory, how might this show up in music? | this shows up as having themes of contrasting characters within the same movement |
| How does galant style differ from late Baroque music? | Galant music is freer, more homophonic, and songlike, while late Baroque music is highly contrapuntal and complex. |
| What are “stock gestures” in galant music, and what purpose do they serve? | Stock gestures are common musical formulas used for openings, middles, or endings in a melody; they help create clear structure and guide listener expectations. |
| How are melodies typically structured in galant music? | Melodies are made of short motives, often repeated, organized into clear two- or four-measure phrases that combine into larger units. |
| What was opera often used for? | The testing ground for new ideas |
| How did opera buffa differ from opera seria? | Opera buffa was comic, set in contemporary times with ordinary people, while opera seria was serious and based on Greek tragedy |
| What types of characters and plots are typical in opera buffa? | Typical characters include vain ladies, pedantic lawyers, silly maids, pompous officers, clever servants, and plots often focus on ordinary people and social situations. |
| What musical style is commonly used in the arias of opera buffa? | Arias in opera buffa are usually in the galant style—short, tuneful phrases with clear structure and simple harmonies. |
| How could opera buffa balance comic and serious elements in its story? | Opera buffa could include serious plots, like young lovers’ struggles, which provided emotional contrast to the comic characters and situations. |
| What was the purpose of the intermezzo in 18th-century opera? | The intermezzo provided comic relief between acts of a serious opera, allowing humor to be included without offending aristocratic audiences. |
| What is the main plot of La serva padrona? | Serpina, a clever maid, tricks her master Uberto into falling in love with her by pretending her valet is a rival suitor, ultimately leading Uberto to marry her. |
Created by:
Hixonec