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Repro PSIO 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do the testis produce | Sperm and testosterone |
| What are the Seminiferous tubules and what do they contain | Tubes in the testes where sperm are produced; contain Sertoli cells and developing sperm. |
| What are the Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) and what do they contain | Cells between seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone. |
| What is the function of Sertoli cells and where are they located? | Sertoli cells → support & nourish sperm and they are located in the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
| What is DNA? | DNA is a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information; it is not visible as a chromosome unless highly condensed. |
| What is chromatin? | DNA wrapped around histone proteins; the normal state of DNA during G0, G1, S, and G2. |
| What is a chromosome? | : One continuous DNA molecule with associated proteins; may be single or duplicated. |
| What is a chromatid? | One copy of a chromosome; before replication each chromosome has one chromatid. |
| What are sister chromatids? | Two identical chromatids produced during S phase, joined at the centromere. |
| What is the centromere? | A specialized DNA region that holds sister chromatids together and serves as spindle fiber attachment site. |
| What happens in G1? | Cell grows, makes proteins and organelles; chromosomes are single chromatids. |
| Chromosome & DNA status in G1: __chromosomes, __chromatids, normal DNA content. | 46 , 46 , |
| What happens in S phase? | DNA replication occurs; each chromosome is duplicated but remains attached. |
| Chromosome & DNA status after S phase: __chromosomes, __chromatids, DNA content ________. | 46, 92, doubled |
| Why doesn’t chromosome number double in S phase? | Sister chromatids share one centromere, so they count as one chromosome. |
| What happens in G2? | Cell checks replicated DNA and prepares proteins needed for mitosis. |
| When do chromosomes look X-shaped? | After S phase, when DNA is condensed and sister chromatids are attached. |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | A pair of chromosomes with the same genes; one from mom, one from dad. |
| Are homologous chromosomes sister chromatids? | No. They are similar but not identical. |
| Relationship of mom/dad chromosomes after S phase | Each homolog has its own pair of sister chromatids. |
| What phase is a Karyotype produced? | (prepared during metaphase of mitosis) |
| What happens in Prophase of MITOSIS? | The nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers appear, and the Chromosomes condense |
| What happens in ProMetaphase of MITOSIS? | The spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and the chromosomes condense some more |
| What happens in Metaphase of MITOSIS? | The spindle fibers line the chromosomes up in the middle of the cell. |
| What happens in Anaphase of MITOSIS? | The sister chromatid pairs are pulled apart at the centromere to opposite poles, and we are temporarily left with 4 chromosomes because once separated, each chromatid is considered an individual chromosome. |
| What happens in Telophase of MITOSIS? | Nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense, and spindle fibers disappear |
| What happens in Cytokinesis of MITOSIS? | The cytoplasm divides, Parent cells becomes two daughter cells with identical genetic information. |
| What are the steps of spermatogenesis and what is happening on a cellular level of each? | Spermatogonium( DNA REPLICATED) , primary spermatocyte (FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION), secondary spermatocyte(SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION), spermatid (IMMATURE HAPLOID GAMETES) , spermatozoa (HAPLOID GAMETES) |
| Define spermiation: | when mature spermatids lose their cytoplasmic connections and are released as free spermatozoa. |
| Define Spermiogenesis: | the process where spermatids change shape and tightly package their DNA to protect it. |
| Explain the fertility of the spermatozoa when released into lumen of seminiferous tubule: | Sperm are not motile when released; they gain motility in the epididymis. |
| What is the function of the acrosome? | Egg penetration (contains enzymes to break through egg layers) |
| What is the role of the sperm nucleus? | Contains chromosomes (genetic material) |
| What does the mitochondrial sheath do? | Produces energy (ATP) for sperm movement |
| What is the function of the sperm tail (flagellum)? | Motility (movement) |
| Which sperm structure is responsible for fertilization? | Acrosome |
| Why are testes located outside the abdomen? | To maintain a lower temperature required for normal spermatogenesis |
| How much cooler are the testes than core body temperature? | ~2°C cooler |
| What is cryptorchidism? | Failure of testes to descend during development |
| What is a major consequence of cryptorchidism? | Permanent infertility due to irreversible germ cell damage |
| How does increased scrotal temperature affect fertility? | Temporarily impairs fertility |
| Name activities or factors that increase testicular temperature. | : Hot tubs, cycling, heated car seats, tight briefs |
| Where is Site of sperm production? | the seminiferous tubules |
| How do non-motile sperm move through seminiferous tubules? | Fluid movement washes them through the tubules |
| What are the main functions of the epididymis? | Stores, packs, and matures sperm |
| How do sperm and fluid move through the epididymis and vas deferens? | Peristalsis |
| What is the function of the vas deferens? | Transport of sperm during ejaculation |
| What is the function of the ejaculatory ducts? | Transport of sperm during ejaculation |
| What is semen? | Ejaculate = sperm + seminal fluid |
| Where do sperm come from? | Testes |
| Where does seminal fluid come from? | Accessory sex glands |
| What percentage of semen is sperm? | ~10% |
| What percentage of semen is seminal fluid? | ~90% |
| Which accessory gland contributes the most to semen volume? | Seminal vesicles (~60%) |
| What do prostaglandins do in semen? | Stimulate contraction of the female reproductive tract |
| What is the role of fructose in semen? | Primary energy source for sperm |
| What are semenogelins? | Proteins that form a gel after ejaculation to keep sperm in the vagina |
| Which gland produces semenogelins? | Seminal vesicles |
| What percentage of semen comes from the prostate? | ~30% |
| What is the function of buffers from the prostate? | Create an alkaline pH to promote sperm survival |
| What is PSA and what does it do? | Prostate-specific antigen; breaks down gel matrix to release sperm (liquefaction) |
| Which gland contributes ~5% of semen volume? | Bulbourethral gland |
| What is the function of bulbourethral gland secretions? | Mucus for lubrication during intercourse |
| How long does spermatogenesis take (spermatogonium → spermatozoa)? | ~64–74 days |
| Is spermatogenesis synchronous or asynchronous? | Asynchronous |
| How many sperm are produced per day? | ~100–200 million per day |
| What hormone affects sperm production yield? | Testosterone (in seminiferous tubules) |
| How many sperm per mL of semen? | ~60–100 million/mL |
| What is the typical volume per ejaculate? | ~2–3 mL |
| About how many sperm are in one ejaculate? | ~180 million |
| Where can sperm be stored after production? | Epididymis |
| Why can sperm be stored in the epididymis for several days? | They are relatively inactive and have low metabolic demand |
| What is normal semen volume? | > 2.0 mL |
| How long should semen take to liquefy? | < 60 minutes |
| What enzyme helps semen liquefy? | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
| What is normal semen viscosity? | Moderate to low |
| What is normal sperm concentration? | > 20 × 10⁶ sperm/mL |
| What is normal sperm motility? | > 50% |
| What is oligospermia? | Low sperm count |
| What sperm count defines oligospermia? | < 20 million sperm/mL |
| What is azoospermia? | No sperm cells ejaculated |
| Why is semen analysis done after a vasectomy? | To confirm absence of sperm (azoospermia) |
| What two processes make up the male sex act? | Erection and ejaculation |
| What is an erection? | A neurovascular phenomenon caused by changes in blood flow |
| What is the function of erection? | Makes the penis rigid for entry into the vagina |
| What is ejaculation? | Discharge of semen from the penis |
| Which process allows sperm to enter the female reproductive tract? | Ejaculation (following erection) |
| What structures make up the erectile tissue of the penis? | Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum |
| What are the vascular compartments of the penis? | Sinusoidal spaces in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum |
| What surrounds the sinusoidal spaces of erectile tissue? | Smooth muscle |
| What happens to penile smooth muscle in the flaccid state? | It contracts |
| What happens to penile smooth muscle during erection? | It relaxes, allowing expansion of vascular spaces |
| How does relaxation of smooth muscle cause erection? | Allows blood to fill and expand the sinusoidal spaces |
| Which erectile tissue surrounds the urethra? | Corpus spongiosum |
| Which erectile tissue is mainly responsible for rigidity? | Corpora cavernosa |
| Where do penile arteries drain during erection and what are these special arteries called? | Into vascular compartments (sinusoidal spaces of corpora cavernosa): helicine arteries |
| What surrounds the sinusoidal spaces of the corpora cavernosa? | Smooth muscle |
| What happens to smooth muscle in the flaccid state? | it Contracts |
| What happens to smooth muscle during erection? | Relaxes, allowing sinusoidal spaces to expand |
| What is the tunica albuginea? | Tough fibroelastic connective tissue covering corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum |
| Why is the tunica albuginea important for erection? | Helps trap blood by compressing veins |
| What happens to helicine arteries during erection? | They dilate |
| What happens to venous outflow during erection? | Decreases due to compression of veins |
| Which structure primarily fills with blood to cause rigidity? | Corpora cavernosa |
| Which skeletal muscles are involved in erection? | Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles |
| What is another name for the bulbospongiosus muscle? | Bulbocavernosus muscle |
| Where are the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles located? | At the base of the penis (perineum) |
| What happens when these skeletal muscles contract? | Venous outflow from the penis is compressed |
| Why does compression of venous outflow matter for erection? | It helps trap blood in the penis and maintain erection |
| Which muscle mainly compresses the crura of the penis? | Ischiocavernosus muscle |
| Which muscle surrounds the bulb of the penis and urethra? | Bulbospongiosus muscle |
| What are the three types of innervation of the male genital system? | Afferent Somatic Autonomic |
| What does the afferent pathway do? | Carries sensory information from the penis to the CNS |
| Which nerves carry afferent sensory input from the penis? | Dorsal nerve of the penis and pudendal nerve |
| What is the function of the somatic nervous system in the penis? | Motor control of skeletal muscles (perineal muscles) |
| Which nerves provide somatic motor innervation? | Pudendal and perineal nerves |
| What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the penis? | Controls erection and ejaculation |
| Which nerve carries autonomic input to erectile tissue? | Cavernous nerve |
| What types of autonomic fibers are in the cavernous nerve? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Which autonomic division causes erection? | Parasympathetic |
| Which autonomic division is associated with ejaculation? | Sympathetic |
| What are the two phases of the male sex act? | Erection and ejaculation |
| What controls erection and ejaculation? | Neural control |
| What is a psychogenic erection? | Erection caused by mental or emotional stimuli (brain-initiated) |
| What is a reflexogenic erection? | Erection caused by physical stimulation of the penis (spinal reflex) |
| What are the four phases of the sexual response cycle? | Excitement Plateau Orgasmic Resolution |
| What happens during the excitement phase? | Psychogenic and/or reflexogenic erection |
| What is the plateau phase? | Intensification of the excitement phase |
| What occurs during the orgasmic phase? | Ejaculation reflex (emission and expulsion) |
| What is emission (part of ejaculation)? | Movement of semen into the urethra. Smooth muscle contracts in epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and seminal vesicles Sperm and glandular secretions move into the urethra |
| What is expulsion (part of ejaculation)? | Forceful ejection of semen from the penis |
| What happens during the resolution phase? | Return to pre-arousal (flaccid) state |
| What is the refractory period? | Latent period during which a second erection is not possible |
| What happens to the bladder sphincter during emission? | It contracts to prevent semen entering the bladder and urine entering ejaculate |
| What happens during expulsion? Which muscle is responsible for expelling semen? | Rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle (bulbospongiosus) expels semen; Bulbospongiosus muscle |
Created by:
bythedeli