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GeneticsM1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define genetics. | The study of heredity or inheritance (transmission of traits from parents to offspring). |
| Transmission genetics | The study of patterns of inheritance using classical crosses or pedigree analysis. |
| To learn how a trait is inherited. | Transmission genetics. |
| Cytogenetics. | The study of inheritance using both cytology and genetics. |
| To study mitosis and meiosis; to study karyotypes and disease. | Cytogenetics. |
| Molecular biology | The use of molecular techniques and genetics to examine or alter life processes. |
| To study genetic defects or cure them. | Molecular biology |
| Population genetics. | The study of how genetic structure of populations change (in forensics, wildlife conservation, and anthropology). |
| Genomics. | The study of the organization of the genome. |
| Proteomics. | The study of the expressed proteins of the cell at particular times. |
| Eugenics. | attempt to apply genetics to improve human existence. |
| Positive eugenics. | people with 'good' genes encouraged to have large families. |
| Negative eugenics. | people with 'bad' traits 'discouraged' from reproducing, based on the faulty idea that 'bad' genes could be removed from a population. |
| Euphenics. | medical or genetics intervention to reduce effect of 'bad' genes of individual. |
| Bioethics | study of the moral implications of biological research and its applications. |
| Artificial selection (breeding). | Can yield useful animals and plants suitable for human purposes. Human selection. |
| Evolution. | Decent with modification. |
| Shape/form of DNA? | Double-stranded helix. |
| What is DNA? | Genetic material. |
| HGP | sequenced the haploid human genome |
| deCode | determine key genetics differences among people of one population |
| HapMap | determine haplotype map for 4 populations of people |
| ENCODE | determined the genetically-active parts of human DNA (the regulome) |
| OMIM | assembled the current research for genetic conditions |
| The human genome has how many genes in 3.3 billions base pairs? | 20,000-21,000 |
| What percentage of DNA codes for protein? | 2% |
| Does the number of genes correlate with genome size or supposed complexity of the organism? | No, gene count does not correlate to genome size or organism complexity. |
| List 4 facts about the human genome of humans and chimps. | 1 - Humans share 98% of genes with chimps. 2 - There are 1.44% differences as nt substitutions. 3 - There are 98,000 indels (nt insertions or deletions). 4 - There are significant differences in time of expression of genes (especially brain proteins). |
| What percentage of genes do humans share? | 99.9% |
| What two differences are found between humans in the human genome? | SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and CNV (copy number variations). |
| Human gene expression is controlled by how many gene switches? | At least 4 million. |
| Where are gene switches? | They are in the non-coding DNA, often close to the genes they control. |
| Environment can affect disease risk, true or false? | True. |
| 3 domains of life. | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya. |
| 6 kingdoms of life. | Bacteria, Archaea, protein, plant, fungi, animals |
| Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | prokaryotic |
| Are archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes? | prokaryotes |
| Genome of bacteria. | ds DNA circle |
| Genome of archaea. | 1+ds DNA (circular chromosomes with eukaryotic-style genes). |
| Domain eukarya includes which kingdoms? | protists, fungi, plants, animals. |
| Genome of eukarya? | multiple ds linear chromosomes |
| What is unique about eukarya genome? | extra DNA as ds DNA cirles in mitchondria and chloroplasts (in plants and algal protists). |
| Are viruses alive? | No, they do not show properties of life until they have invaded a living cell. They are acellular. |
| Polymerization. | reactions making macromolecules. |
| Dehydration synthesis. | for each monomer added, one water is removed. |
| Hydrolysis | for each bond broken, one water is broken apart and added (as H and OH). |
| Proteins | polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| monomers (building blocks) for proteins | amino acids |
| Polymer for proteins | polypeptide |
| peptide bond | covalent bond linking monomers together |
| Backbone for a tripeptide | N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C |
| Native conformation | shapes under biological conditions (has full functions) |
| Denaturation | process that alters a protein's native conformation and biological activity (protein unfolds, loses activity and functions. Denaturing processes: heat, mechanical, chemical) |
| Degradation | process whereby protein is broken down into amino acids |
| Denaturation and degradation (which is unfolding like cooking and which is breakdown like charring) | Denaturation = unfolding Degradation = breakdown |
| Protein structure and function? | antibodies, enzymes, structural, hormones, movement, transport. |
| Nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA) |
| Nucleotides are made of which 3 components? | sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
| 4 bases of DNA nucleotides | A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine) |
| A pairs with . . . | T |
| G pairs with . . . | C |
| Uprights | nt in a strand linked by covalent bonds |
| step | paired nitrogenous bases (2 strands are linked by H bonds) |
| Two functions of DNA | provides 'blueprints' for construction and maintenance of the cell; serves as the molecule of inheritance. |
| RNA nucleotides monomer consists of . . . | sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
| nucleic acid polymers (RNA) = | us. single-stranded |
| function of nucleic acids | decodes DNA to build polypeptides |
| Viral genomes are . . . . | single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds) DNA or RNA |
| Where is nuclear DNA located? | ds linear chromosomes |
| mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
| chloroplast DNA | cpDNA |
| Bacteria DNA is . . . | ds circular DNA |
| Fungus DNA is . . . | nuclear: ds linear DNA mitochondrial: ds circular DNA |
| Plant DNA is . . . | nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast |
| Animal DNA is . . . . | nuclear: ds linear DNA mitochondrial: ds circular DNA |
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