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A&P Lecture 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Whats the neurological exam? | is a clinical assessment tool used to determine what specific parts of the CNS are affected by damage or disease |
| Mental status exam- | assesses higher cognitive functions such as memory, orientation, and language |
| Cranial nerve exam- | tests the functions of the 12 cranial nerves |
| Sensory exam- | tests sensory function of spinal nerves |
| Motor exam- | tests motor function of spinal nerves |
| Coordination or Gait Exam- | tests ability to perform complex and coordinated tasks such as walking |
| Localization of function- | specific locations are responsible for specific functions |
| Basic overview of the Mental Status Exam? | This portion of the exam begins with greeting the patient and asking them to confirm their last name Higher cognitive functions are controlled by the cerebral cortex |
| The abilities assessed through the mental status exam cover | Orientation and memory Language and speech Judgement Abstract reasoning |
| Orientation is | the patients awareness of their immediate circumstances Some example questions are What is your name? Do you know where you are? What day is it? |
| Memory is | the ability to store and recall information |
| Episodic Memory is | Autobiographical in nature “When did you last ride a bike?” |
| Procedural Memory aids in | the performance of a particular task “Playing piano” |
| Short-term Memory is | the capacity for holding a small amount of information for a short time interval |
| Amnesia is | a general term that describes memory loss |
| Short-term memory is associated with | prefrontal cortex |
| Long-term memory is associated with | the hippocampus and medial temporal structures. Storage of long term memories is distributed across cortical regions |
| Retrograde Amnesia- | the inability to recall past memories |
| Anterograde amnesia- | the inability to create new memories |
| What are the 2 kinds of specific subtests that address language in the neurological exam? | Comprehension and Fluency |
| Expressive aphasia- | damage to the Broca’s area (can understand, can’t speak coherently) |
| Receptive aphasia- | damage to the Wernwickes area (cant understand nor speak coherently) |
| Ascending sensory pathway- | Finger to brain |
| Descending sensory pathway- | Brain to finger |
| The spinal cord is | the major communication link between the brain and the PNS Integrates sensory and motor information Produces reflex responses Contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit through intervertebral and sacral foramina |
| Dorsal- | ascending sensory information |
| Ventral- | descending motor information |
| The white matter of the spinal cord is organized into | three columns or tracts, which are collection of heavily myelinated bundle of axons |
| Ventral- | motor (descending) |
| Dorsal- | sensory (ascending) |
| Lateral- | autonomic |
| Sensory neuron cell bodies are contained within the | dorsal root ganglion Their axons enter the spinal cord gray matter via the dorsal root where they synapse onto interneurons (common in reflexes) or pass into white matter to ascend or descend) |
| Motor neuron cell bodies are contained within | gray matter of the spinal cord or brain. Their axons exit the spinal cord via a ventral root. |
| BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS DO WHAT? | they meet to form a spinal nerve!!! |
| Mechanoreceptors | detect pressure/touch |
| Proprioceptors | detect internal movement and sensor where you are located (6th sense) |
| Thermoreceptors | detect differences in temperature |
| Nociceptors | detect painful stimuli |
| What 2 receptors share the same brain route? | Thermoreceptors and Nociceptors (temperature and pain) |
| Touch (pressure) and proprioception is transmitted where? | via the Dorsal Column Tract. |
| TOUCH 1st order neurons | detect information and conduct signals towards the spinal cord. These neurons ascend via dorsal tract (or synapse onto interneurons locally) |
| TOUCH 2nd order neurons | in medulla then cross medial lemniscus |
| TOUCH 3rd order neurons | of the contralateral thalamus then conduct the signal to the cortex |
| Pain and temperature is transmitted | via the spinothalamic tract |
| P+T 1st order neurons | detect information and conduct signal towards spinal cord where they synapse with CNS neurons |
| P+T 2nd order neurons | on same spinal level then cross and ascend towards the brain |
| P+T 3rd order neurons | of the contralateral thalamus then conduct the signal to the cortex |
| Pain and temp cross to | anterolateral quadrant then ascends via spinothalamic tract. |
| Touch and proprioception ascend | via dorsal column to cross at medulla (medial lemniscus) |
| (1) Upper motor neurons (UMNs) have | their cell body in the frontal cortex and their axons descend |
| (2) UMN axons cross at | the pyramid of medulla and descend via ventral column. |
| (3) UMNs synapse onto | lower motor neurons (LMNs) at the level of the spinal cord adjacent to target muscle. |
| (4) LMNs then carry signal through | ventral root and stimulates the neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle. |
| Motor information from (how do they travel) | contralateral Upper Motor neuron (cross at pyramids of medulla). Ventral column. |
| Babinski reflex | a classical test for diseases of upper motor neurons. |
| Normal = | flexors curl toes downward and foot inverts. |
| Positive Babinski = | Extensor with hallux dorsiflex and toes fan out. (BAD!!) This can indicate upper motor neuron disease. |
| In a spinal cord cross section, white matter is generally | Superficial and surrounding gray matter |
Created by:
liladdoyle