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Medical Terminology
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal system; Ingestion | food material taken into mouth |
| Gastrointestinal system; Digestion | food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients | Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides |
| Gastrointestinal system; Absorption | Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine. Nutrients travel to all cells of the body. Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food. |
| Gastrointestinal system; Elimination | The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream. The large intestine concentrates feces. The wastes pass out of the body through the anus. |
| Parts of oral cavity | • Cheeks • Lips • Hard palate • Soft palate • Rugae • Uvula • Tongue • Papillae • Tonsils • Gums • Teeth • Pharynx |
| anatomical parts of a tooth | • Crown • Root • Enamel • Dentin • Pulp • Gingiva • Cementum • Root canal • Periodontal membrane |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| Parts of the stomach/esophagus | Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) Fundus Greater curvature Lesser curvature Rugae Body Antrum Pylorus Pyloric sphincter |
| small intestine | villi with lymph and blood vessels inside |
| Parts of the large intestine | Cecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus |
| Parts of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas | Liver Gallbladder Common bile duct Pancreas Pancreatic duct Duodenum |
| Jobs of the liver | Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile Removes toxins and poisons from the blood |
| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
| amino acids | Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested |
| amylase | Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch |
| anus | Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body |
| appendix | Blind pouch hanging from the cecum |
| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts |
| bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile |
| bowel | Intestine |
| Canine teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth |
| Cecum | First part of the large intestine |
| Colon | Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments |
| Common bile duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus |
| defecation | Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus |
| dentin | Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root |
| digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms |
| duodenum | First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long |
| elimination | Act of removal of materials from the body |
| emulsification | Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules |
| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
| enzyme | Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase |
| esophagus | Tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| fatty acids | Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids |
| feces | Solid wastes; stool |
| gallbladder | Small sac under the liver; stores bile |
| simple sugar | Simple sugar |
| glycogen | Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells |
| hydrochloric acid | Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
| ilium | Third part of the small intestine |
| incisor | One of four front teeth in the dental arch |
| insulin | Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver |
| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine |
| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats |
| liver | Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds |
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach |
| mastication | Chewing |
| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch |
| palate | Roof of the mouth |
| pancreas | Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes |
| papillae (singular: papilla) | Small, projections on the tongue |
| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear |
| peristalsis | Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs |
| pharynx | Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose |
| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| Protease | Enzyme that digests protein |
| pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels |
| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it |
| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum |
| rectum | Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus |
| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
| saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase |
| salivary glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
| sigmoid colon | Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum |
| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
| stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus |
| triglycerides | Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids |
| uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
| villi (singular: villus) | Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
| an/o | anus |
| append/o, appendic/o | appendix |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| cec/o | cecum |
| celi/o | belly, abdomen |
| cheil/o | lip |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| col/o | colon |
| dent/i | tooth |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | intestines, usually small intestines |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| faci/o | face |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| ile/o | ileum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| labi/o | lip |
| lapar/o | abdomen |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| mandibul/o | lower jaw, mandible |
| odont/o | tooth |
| or/o | mouth |
| palat/o | palate |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| pharyng/o | throat |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| pylor/o | pyloric sphincter |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sialaden/o | salivary gland |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| amyl/o | starch |
| bil/i | gall, bile |
| bilirubin/o | bilirubin (bile pigment) |
| chol/e | gall or bile |
| chlorhydr/o | hydrochloric acid |
| gluc/o | sugar |
| glyc/o | sugar |
| glycogen/o | glycogen, animal starch |
| lip/o | fat |
| lith/o | stone |
| prote/o | protein |
| py/o | pus |
| sial/o | saliva, salivary |
| steat/o | fat |
| -ase | enzyme |
| -chezia | defecation, elimination of wastes |
| -iasis | abnormal condition |
| -prandial | meal |
| Anastomoses | surgical new opening made between tubes. 3 kinds. end to end, end to side, and side to side |
| Anorexia | lack of appetite |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Borborygmi (singular: borborygmus) | rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract |
| Constipation | Difficulty in passing stools |
| Diarrhea | frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
| Dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| Eructation | gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth, burping |
| Flatus | gas expelled through the anus |
| Hematochezia | passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum |
| Jaundice (icterus) | yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood |
| Melena | black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
| Nausea | unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit |
| Steatorrhea | fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter |
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JoshuaB5