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chapter 6 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| afferent nerves | transmitters that send impulses from receptors in the skin, muscles and joints to the central nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system | branch of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions |
| cell body | part of an axon that contains a nucleus |
| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |
| dendrites | branches of a neuron that collect stimuli and transport them to the cell body |
| efferent nerves | motor transmitters that carry impulses from the central nervous system out to the muscles and glands |
| myelin sheaths | the fatty bands of insulation surrounding axon fibers |
| neurilemma | the thin membranous sheath enveloping a nerve fiber |
| neuroglia | non neural tissue that forms the interstitial or supporting elements of the CNS |
| nodes of Ranvier | the uninsulated gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve fibers where the axon is exposed |
| peripheral nervous system | all parts of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord |
| somatic nervous system | branch of the nervous system that stimulates the skeletal muscles |
| synapse | between a neuron and another neuron a muscle a gland or a sensory receptor |
| autonomic reflexes | involuntary stimuli transmitted to cardiac and smooth muscle |
| conductivity | the ability of neuron to transmit a nerve impulse |
| depolarized | a condition in which the inside of a cell membrane is more positivly charged than the outside |
| nerve impulse | travels along a nerve fiber when stimulated |
| polarized | when the inside of a cell membrane is more negatively charged than the outside |
| reflexes | simple rapid programmed response to stimuli |
| refractory period | the time between the completion of the action potential and repolarization |
| repolarization | a polarized state in a cell after depolarization |
| saltatory conduction | skipping of an action potential from node to node |
| somatic reflexes | involuntary stimuli transmitted to skeletal muscles from neural arcs in the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | coordinates body movements including balance |
| cerebrum | the largest part of the brain consisting of the left and right hemisphere |
| diencephalon | regulates sleep cycle hormones |
| epithalamus | known as the inter brain |
| fissures | the uniformly positioned deep grooves in the brain |
| frontal lobes | sections of the brain located behind the forehead |
| hypothalamus | regulates functions such as metabolism heart rate and blood pressure |
| lobes | the name for the 4 regions of the brain |
| medulla oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing and controls several reflexes |
| meninges | station for sensory and motor impulses located on the superior end of the brain stem |
| occipital lobes | integrate sensory information from the skin, internal organs, muscles and joints |
| parietal lobes | integrate sensory information from the skin, internal organs located behind the frontal lobe |
| pons | plays a role in regulating breathing |
| primary motor cortex | frontal lobes that sends neural impulses to the skeletal muscles |
| primary sensory cortex | in the parietal lobes that interprets sensory impulses excited from the skin, internal organs, muscles and joints |
| spinal cord | nerve tissue that extends from the brain stem to the begining of the lumbar region of the spine |
| temporal lobes | responsable for for speech, hearing, vision, memory and emotion |
| thalamus | communicates sensory and motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex |
| Alzheimer's disease | loss of brain function with major consequences for memory thinking and behavior |
| cerebral palsy | resulting from rain damage before or during birth or in early infancy |
| dementia | involving loss of functioning in 2 or more areas of cognition |
| epilepsy | a group of brain disorders characterized by repeated seizures over time |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| multiple sclerosis | disease of the central nervous system that destroys the myelin sheath of nerve cell axons |
| paraplegia | disorder characterized by loss of function in the lower trunk and legs |
| parkinson's disease | disease characterized by a slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness |
| quadriplegia | disorder characterized by loss of function below the neck |
| traumatic brain injury | trauma that can result from violent impact of the head |
| midbrain | station for sensory and motor impulses located on the superior end of the brain stem |
| cranial nerves | nerves the originate in the brain and relay impulses to and from the PNS |
| craniosacral division | nerves originate in the brain stem or sacral region of the spiral cord |
| dorsal ramus | nerves that transmit motor impulses to the posterior muscles and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back |
| endoneurium | connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fibers |
| epinerium | tough outer covering of a nerve |
| ganglion | nervous tissue composed mostly of nerve cell bodies |
| norepinephrine | postganglionic neurons in the symatetic nervous system |
| paravertebral ganglia | nerve cell bodies close to the spinal cord |
| perineurium | surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers |
| plexuses | complex interconnections of nerves |
| postganglionic neuron | neuron in a series that transmits impulses from the CNS |
| preganglionic neuron | the first Neuron in the series that transmits impulses from the CNS |
| spinal nerves | branch from the left and right sides of the spinal cord |
| thoracolumbar division | nerves that lies near the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine |
| ventral ramus | spinal nerves that communicates with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk |
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