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Micro quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | The study of microorganisms |
| What are microorganisms | Minute living things |
| Another name for microorganisms | microbes |
| Characteristic of microorganisms | Too small to be seen with unaided eye |
| What are the 5 different microbes | Bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, algae, and viruses |
| Germ | Rapidly growing/diving cell |
| Pathogen | Disease-causing microbe |
| Can microbes be pathogenic | Yes but only a few are, less than 1% |
| What can a microbe do | Decompose organic waste -water treatment plants |
| What can a microbe do | Perform photosynthesis -produce oxygen |
| What can a microbe do | Produce Chemicals -acetone, ethanol (beer) |
| What can a microbe do | Produce fermented foods -vinegar, cheese, bread (sharpness = acid) |
| What can a microbe do | Produce products for manufacturing -acid washed jeans, cellulase |
| What can microbes produce | Insulin, antibiotics, vaccines, |
| What can a microbes do | Prevent disease occurrence |
| Aseptic techniques | Lacking microbes, prevent contamination -medicine, microbiology laboratories |
| Nomenclature | The system of naming organisms |
| Who developed nomenclature | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Who invented binomial nomenclature | Carolus |
| What is binomial nomenclature | Each organism has 2 names, genus and specific epithet |
| Genus | Capitalized |
| Specific epithet | Species - lower case |
| Both genus and specific epithet are | Either underlined or italicized |
| Genus can be what after first use | Abbreviated |
| How is a organisms name picked | May be descriptive or in honor of scientists -latinized and used worldwide |
| What is the genus of: Staphylococcus aureus | Staphylococcus |
| What is the species of: Staphylococcus aureus | aureus |
| What is staphylococcus | Clustered (staphylo) , spherical (cocci) cells |
| What does aureus mean | Gold-colored (aureus) colonies |
| Where can you find staphylococcus aureus | Found on skin, mucous membranes -in the air |
| What type of infection did staphylococcus aureus | Opportunistic infections |
| Can S. aureus develop antibiotic resistance | Yes it can, MRSE, VRS |
| the genius of: Escherichia coil | Escherichia |
| What is the species: Escherichia coli | coli |
| What does Escherichia mean | Named for Theodor Escherich |
| What does coli mean | Named for habitat; colon |
| What type of cell does Escherichia c. have | Rod-shaped cell |
| Where can you find E. coli | Found in intestines of humans |
| What does E. coli in the intestines do | Produce vitamin K, outcompetes harmful bacteria |
| What can E. coli do | Indicator of fecal contamination bacteria |
| What doesn’t have a nucleus | Prokaryotes |
| Since a prokaryotic doesn’t have a nucleus genetic material is | Not enclosed in a nuclear membrane Floats in cytoplasm in an area called a nucleoid |
| What are two microbes that are prokaryotic | Bacteria and archaea |
| What does have a nucleus | Eukaryotes |
| Since eukaryotes have a nucleus genetic material, the genetic material | Is enclosed in a nuclear membrane - nuclear envelope |
| What are microbes that are eukaryotic | Fungi, Protozoa , algae, plants, and animals |
| What is virus classified | Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic |
| Bacteria: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Prokaryotic- no nucleus |
| Bacteria: type of cell | Unicellular - one cell |
| Bacteria: cell wall | Peptidoglycan (murein) |
| What is peptidoglycan | Amino acids and sugars |
| Bacteria: pathogenic or nonpathogenic | Pathogenic - disease causing |
| Bacteria: how they reproduce | Binary fission |
| Bacteria: energy source | Organic, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
| Bacteria: culture | Cells grown in laboratory media (grow bacteria) |
| Bacteria: clone | Genetically identical cells; population of cells derived from, a single cell |
| Bacteria: strain | Genetically different cells within a population |
| Example of bacteria | Salmonella or E. coli |
| Archaea: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Prokaryotic |
| Archaea: pathogenic or nonpathogenic | Nonpathogenic - doesn’t cause infection |
| Archaea: cell walls | Pseudomurein (false peptidoglycan) - some species may have no cell wall. |
| 3 archaea groups | Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles |
| Methanogens | Produce methane gas a waste product from respiration |
| Where are Methanogens archaea found | In the gut of ruminants - cattle, sheep, deer, giraffe |
| Extreme halophiles | Salt-loving |
| Where to find extreme halophiles archaea | Dead Sea , great salt lake |
| Extreme thermophiles | Heat-loving |
| Where to find extreme thermophiles | Yellowstone hot springs , hydrothermal vents on ocean floor |
| Fungi: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Fungi: cell walls | Chitin cell walls -Carbohydrate |
| Fungi: energy source | Organic chemicals |
| Fungi: type of cell | Multicellular - molds, mushrooms Unicellular- yeasts |
| Protozoa: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Protozoa: cell wall | No cell wall |
| Protozoa: cell type | Unicellular |
| Protozoa: movement | Amoebic movement -shifting of cytoplasm |
| Protozoa: movement via | Pseudopods, cilia, flagella |
| Ex of protozoan | Malaria, infection of red blood cells , infection |
| Algae: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Algae: cell wall | Cellulose cell walls -carbohydrate |
| Algae: cell type | Unicellular- plankton Cellular- seaweed, kelp |
| Algae: energy source | Photosynthesis |
| Algae: what does it do | Produce O2 and organic compound |
| Algae:where to find it | Freshwater, salt water, soil |
| Algae: colors | Green, red, or brown |
| Ex of algae | Florida’s red tide -increased nutrients, temps |
| Viruses | Not a true cell |
| Viruses: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Neither |
| Viruses: type of cell | Acellular |
| Viruses: consists of | DNA or RNA core |
| Viruses: core surrounded by | Protein coat -coat may be enclosed in lipid membrane |
| Viruses: what can they do | Replicate only when in a living host cell -obligate intracellular parasite |
| Viruses: infects | Animals, plants , bacteria, archaea |
| Ex of viruses | Measles -highly contagious, viral infection -airborne |
| Helminths : prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Helminths: cell type | Multicellular parasites- usually worms |
| What are the 3 domains of microorganisms | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| Bacteria | Cell wall made of peptidoglycan |
| Archaea | Cell wall made of pseudomurein or no cell wall present |
| Eukarya | Cell wall made of carbohydrates or no cell wall present |
| Eukarya: protists | Protozoa, algae |
| Eukarya: fungi | Yeats, molds, mushrooms |
| Eukarya: plants | Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants |
| Eukarya: animals | Sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates |
| Taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms |
| Taxonomy provides what | Universal names for organisms and a reference for identifying organisms |
| Phylogenetics | Grouping organisms according to common properties -implies that a groups of organisms evolved from a common ancestor |
| Phylogenentics is based on 3 things | Ribosomal RNA, anatomy, fossils |
| Ribosomal RNA | rRNA - all cells have ribosomes |
| Anatomy | Morphology - its appearance Round cells |
| Fossils | Preserved remains |
| The taxonomic hierarchy | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Prokaryotic species | Population of cells with similar characteristics and genetic material |
| Viral species | Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche -type of organism they affect |
| First to see cells | Robert Hooke |
| What did Robert Hooke do | Reported that living things were composed of cells (little boxes) |
| Where did Robert Hooke see cells | From a cork - cell walls |
| Fungi: energy source | Organic chemicals |
| Fungi: type of cell | Multicellular - molds, mushrooms Unicellular- yeasts |
| Protozoa: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Protozoa: cell wall | No cell wall |
| Protozoa: cell type | Unicellular |
| Protozoa: movement | Amoebic movement -shifting of cytoplasm |
| Protozoa: movement via | Pseudopods, cilia, flagella |
| Ex of protozoan | Malaria, infection of red blood cells , infection |
| Algae: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Algae: cell wall | Cellulose cell walls -carbohydrate |
| Algae: cell type | Unicellular- plankton Cellular- seaweed, kelp |
| Algae: energy source | Photosynthesis |
| Algae: what does it do | Produce O2 and organic compound |
| Algae:where to find it | Freshwater, salt water, soil |
| Algae: colors | Green, red, or brown |
| Ex of algae | Florida’s red tide -increased nutrients, temps |
| Viruses | Not a true cell |
| Viruses: prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Neither |
| Viruses: type of cell | Acellular |
| Viruses: consists of | DNA or RNA core |
| Viruses: core surrounded by | Protein coat -coat may be enclosed in lipid membrane |
| Viruses: what can they do | Replicate only when in a living host cell -obligate intracellular parasite |
| Viruses: infects | Animals, plants , bacteria, archaea |
| Ex of viruses | Measles -highly contagious, viral infection -airborne |
| Helminths : prokaryotic or eukaryotic | Eukaryotic |
| Helminths: cell type | Multicellular parasites- usually worms |
| What are the 3 domains of microorganisms | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| Bacteria | Cell wall made of peptidoglycan |
| Archaea | Cell wall made of pseudomurein or no cell wall present |
| Eukarya | Cell wall made of carbohydrates or no cell wall present |
| Eukarya: protists | Protozoa, algae |
| Eukarya: fungi | Yeats, molds, mushrooms |
| Eukarya: plants | Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants |
| Eukarya: animals | Sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates |
| Taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms |
| Taxonomy provides what | Universal names for organisms and a reference for identifying organisms |
| Phylogenetics | Grouping organisms according to common properties -implies that a groups of organisms evolved from a common ancestor |
| Phylogenentics is based on 3 things | Ribosomal RNA, anatomy, fossils |
| Ribosomal RNA | rRNA - all cells have ribosomes |
| Anatomy | Morphology - its appearance Round cells |
| Fossils | Preserved remains |
| The taxonomic hierarchy | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Prokaryotic species | Population of cells with similar characteristics and genetic material |
| Viral species | Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche -type of organism they affect |
| First to see (non living) cells | Robert Hooke |
| What did Robert Hooke do | Reported that living things were composed of cells (little boxes) |
| Where did Robert Hooke see cells | From a cork - cell walls |
| First go see living microorganisms | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do | Made over 400 microscopes |
| Spontaneous generation | Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter -vital force forms life -bad aid |
| Biogenesis | Hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life, not nonliving matter |
| Who demonstrated that microbes are present in the air | Louis Pasteur |
| What did Louis Pasteur do | Nutrient broth was placed in flask, then heated |
| How are microbes in the air | They attach to dust particulates |
| Who invented cell theory | Rudolf virchow |
| Cell theory | All living things are composed of cells and come from, preexisting cells |
| What did Pasteur work start | Fermentation and pasteurization |
| Golden age of microbiology discovered p: | Relationship b/t microbes and diseases, immunity, antimicrobial drugs, vaccines, improved microscopy |
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