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2.2.1 Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | a tiny, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland located deep in the center of the human brain |
| Hypothalamus | a small, almond-sized structure located deep in the brain, functioning as the primary command center for maintaining homeostasis |
| Pituitary Gland | a tiny, pea-sized organ at the base of the brain (below the hypothalamus) that acts as the body's primary hormone regulator |
| Thyroid Gland | It converts dietary iodine into thyroid hormones (\(T_{3}\) and \(T_{4}\)). These hormones control metabolism—the rate at which the body converts food into energy. |
| Thymus | a specialized, two-lobed lymphoid organ located in the upper chest behind the breastbone (sternum) and in front of the heart |
| Adrenal Gland | two small, triangle-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. |
| Pancreas | a 6-to-10-inch, fish-shaped gland located behind the stomach in the upper abdomen |
| Ovary | a pair of small, almond-shaped glands in the female reproductive system responsible for producing, storing, and releasing eggs (ova) |
| Testis | the primary male reproductive gland or gonad, responsible for producing sperm and secreting the male sex hormone testosterone |
| Hormone | your body's chemical messengers, produced by endocrine glands (like the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas) that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, telling them what to do and when, controlling vital functions like growth, metabolism, reprodu |
| Endocrine System | a network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate vital bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood |
| Gland | an organ or group of specialized cells in the human body that produces and releases essential substances—such as hormones, sweat, saliva, or digestive juices—to regulate body functions. |
| Receptor Cell | specialized cells or proteins that detect, receive, and transduce stimuli from internal or external environments into signals, initiating physiological responses |
| Target Cell | a specific cell that possesses receptors for a particular hormone, drug, or neurotransmitter, allowing it to recognize, bind to, and respond to that chemical signal |
| Estorgen | a group of primary female sex hormones |
| Progesterone | a vital steroid hormone produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and placenta that primarily regulates the menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy, and prepares the uterine lining for fertilized egg implantation |
| Testosterone | a vital steroid hormone produced primarily in the testes (males) and ovaries/adrenal glands (females), essential for developing male physical traits, maintaining sex drive, muscle mass, bone density, and energy levels |
| Insulin | a hormone produced by the pancreas that acts as a key, allowing glucose (sugar) from food to enter cells for energy |
| Cortisol | a vital steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, often called the "stress hormone" for its central role in the body’s "fight-or-flight" response. |
| Adrenaline | a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands to trigger the body's rapid "fight-or-flight" response to danger, fear, or stress |
| Vasopressin | a crucial hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland |
| Growth Hormone | During childhood and adolescence, GH stimulates the growth of bones and cartilage, increasing height. It prompts the liver to produce |
| Positive Feedback Loop | a self-amplifying,, "snowballing" process where the output of a system enhances the original stimulus, pushing a process toward a rapid, definitive conclusion rather than returning it to a stable state |
| Negative Feedback Loop | a self-regulating control mechanism that maintains homeostasis by reversing a deviation from a set point |
| Type 1 Diabetes | a chronic autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas |
| Type 2 Diabetes | a chronic condition where the body develops insulin resistance (cells ignore insulin) and eventually fails to produce enough insulin, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream |
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