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development psycholo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | studies how people change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lifespan, from infancy to old age |
| major issues | nature vs nurture- genes vs experience continuity vs stages- gradual vs abrupt stability vs change- persistant through life vs change as we age |
| research types | cross sectional and longitude |
| cross sectional | data from different sources (participants) studied at the same time |
| longitude | data from same sources (participants) over a long period of time |
| prenatal influences | teratogens, fetal alcohol syndrom |
| teratogens | anything that can affect prenatal development -illness, diet, stress, drugs, alcohol |
| fetal alcohol syndrom | physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by heavy drinking |
| senses | visual cliff |
| visual cliff | babies crawl over to edge, depth perception is learned through experience -vision is worst when bonr |
| reflexes | rooting |
| rooting reflex | newborns automatic response to turn their head and open their mouth when they r cheek or mouth is touched, helping them find food |
| motor skills | same order, age can vart -fine motor skills -gross motor skills head down, outward |
| fine motor skills | small muscles, precise tasks (writing) |
| gross motor skills | large muscles, big movement (wacks) |
| critical (must)/ sensitive (optimal) | periods |
| periods | important development periods -phonemes -morphemes |
| phonemes | sound (hard for second language) |
| morphemes | meaning |
| grammar | rules of language -semantics -syntax |
| semantics | words acquire meaning |
| syntax | rules of sentence structure |
| nonverbal | different across cultures |
| stages | -cooing'-babbing -one-word (1 year) -telegraphic speech (2 year) |
| overgeneralization | grammar misakes -ex: I goes to the park |
| nonhumans | imprinting |
| imprinting | critical period for some animals to form attachment to caregiver |
| adolescence milestones | growth spurts and puberty (sexual maturation) -males: spermarche -females: menarche primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics |
| spermarche | males, first ejaculation? |
| menarche | females, the first menstrual period |
| primary sex characteristics | reproductive organs (testies and ovaries) |
| secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive features (everything else) |
| adult development | physical changes level off and physical abilities gradually decline -sexual reproduction -as we age |
| sexual reproduction | women less likely to get pregnant in 30s -menopause -men more gradual decline |
| menopause | end of ability to reproduce in females, usually around 50 |
| as we age (beginning in our mid 20s) | -activity (vision, auditory) get worse -mobility, flexibility, reaction time slows |
| sexual orientation | is biological |
| sex | biologically influenced -detetmined by father |
| gender | socially influenced |
| gender roles | society based |
| stereotypes | positive or negative ideas and expectations of any group of ppl |
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