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world history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| printing press | a machine designed for mass-producing written text by applying ink to a movable, raised metal type then pressed onto paper. |
| origins of moveable type | originated with Bi Sheng in China around 1040 AD |
| mercantilism | the dominant economic theory and practice in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries |
| favorable balance of trade (related to mercantilism) | an economic policy where a nation exports more goods than it imports |
| Atlantic slave trade | over 12 million enslaved Africans by European traders across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries |
| treatment of enslaved peoples | a system of brutal, institutionalized violence and dehumanization where individuals were legally classified as property or chattel |
| motivations for enslavement | exploiting labor for agriculture and mining, capturing prisoners of war, debt bondage |
| impact of the slave trade | the largest forced migration in history, redefined slavery into a race based, inherited. |
| middle passage | it was the brutal, forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the Americas, forming the middle leg of the Triangular Trade |
| triangular trade | a transatlantic system of trade routes from the 16th to 19th centuries connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| Columbian exchange | the vast transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, technology, and ideas between the Old World Europe, Africa, Asia and the New World |
| treatment of indigenous (native) peoples | native peoples is generally defined by colonization, systemic marginalization, and policies often described as genocide or cultural erasure |
| enlightenment (Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau) | intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of tradition over religious authority and absolute monarchy |
| separation of powers | the political doctrine of dividing governmental authority into distinct branches legislative makes laws |
| French Revolution | a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that overthrew the monarchy, ended feudalism |
| estate system (pre-revolutionary France) | was the rigid, hierarchical social structure of pre 1789 France the Ancien Regime , dividing the population into three orders |
| reign of terror | a violent period during the French Revolution, led by the Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, characterized by mass arrests and executions |
| declaration of rights of man and the citizen | a foundational French Revolution document proclaiming that men are born and remain free and equal in rights. |
| Haitian revolution | a successful, transformative anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue |
| absolutism | a political system where a single ruler, usually a monarch, holds total, unrestricted power over the state and its people, claiming authority often justified by Divine Right |
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