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Biopsych +
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ACTH | Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the bloodstream |
| Action potential | A spike in electric charge in an axon caused by sodium ions crossing the cell membrane. |
| Adrenal glands | Small glands on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol |
| Adrenaline | Key hormone in the stress response that is produced by the adrenal glands and increases heart rate, breathing rate etc. |
| Autonomic nervous system | Sub-division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary responses like breathing and heart rate |
| Axon | A single long slender fiber that carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body |
| Axon terminal | The very end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters and makes synaptic contact with the next neuron in the chain |
| Behaviourism | The theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without considering thoughts or feelings |
| Central nervous system | Sub-system of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| Chromosome | Hold the genetic material that is passed between parents and offspring. Humans have 23 pairs |
| Classical conditioning | Learning through association when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together |
| Cognitive neuroscience | An academic field that studies the influence of brain structures on mental processes using techniques such as brain scans |
| Computer models | Software simulations of internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists. |
| Concordance rate | The extent to which both twins share the same characteristic |
| Dendrites | Root like structures protruding from the cell body that receive signals from other neurons |
| DZ twins | Non-identical twins who share 50% of their genes |
| Empirical | Based on scientific testing or personal experience rather than theory or logic |
| Endocrine system | A collection of organs that secrete hormones into the blood stream |
| Evolution | Gradual changes in an inherited characteristic of a species over many generations |
| Excitation | Occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and receptor site in a synapse makes the receptor site’s cell more likely to act |
| Fight or flight response | The way an animal (including humans) responds to stress as it becomes physiologically aroused to fight an aggressor or to run away |
| Genotype | A person's unique genetic make-up that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception |
| Hormones | Biochemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream in order to target specific organs |
| Hypothalamus | Part of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. Releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland |
| Identification | Associating with a role model's and adopting their behaviour because you want to be like them |
| Imitation | Copying or reproducing behaviour that has been learned through observation |
| Inference | Process of drawing conclusions about general patterns of behaviour |
| Information processing model | The idea that information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages |
| Inhibition | occurs when a link between a neurotransmitter and receptor site in a synapse makes the receptor site’s cell less likely to act. |
| Internal mental processes | The operations both conscious and unconscious that occur during thinking. For example, perception and memory |
| Introspection | Observing and examining your own conscious thoughts and emotions |
| Learning | A relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience |
| Mediating cognitive factors | Internal mental processes that lie between the stimulus and the response |
| Modelling | Imitating a role model or producing a specific behaviour that may then be imitated by the observer |
| Motor neuron | Carries signals from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles |
| Myelin sheath | A fatty layer that protects the exon and speeds up the electrical transmission of the nerve impulse |
| MZ twins | Identical twins who share 100% of their genes |
| Natural selection | The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations |
| Negative reinforcement | Avoiding or removing something unpleasant when a behaviour is performed that increases the chance tha the behaviour is repeated |
| Nervous system | Bodily system consisting of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system that provides rapid responses to stimuli |
| Neuron | Cells within the nervous system that process and transmit messages |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemicals that transfer signals from one neuron to another across the synapses that lie between them |
| Objective | Not influenced by private emotions, perceptions, or biases |
| Operant conditioning | Learning through reinforcement where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Sub-division of the autonomic nervous system that controls the 'rest and digest' response |
| Peripheral nervous system | Sub-system of the nervous system that transmits messages from the body to the central nervous system and back again |
| Phenotype | The expression of a person's genetic make-up that can be influenced by the environment |
| Pituitary gland | The 'master gland' of the endocrine system which is located in the brain and controls the release of hormones from other glands |
| Positive reinforcement | Receiving something pleasant when a behaviour is performed that increases the chance the behaviour is repeated |
| Postsynaptic Receptor sites | In the dendrites of the receiving neuron, they take up the neurotransmitter once it has crossed the synaptic gap |
| Punishment | Receiving something unpleasant when a behaviour is performed which decreases the chance the behaviour is repeated |
| Reciprocal determinism | The way a person is influenced by their environment but also influences their environment |
| Relay neuron | Carries signals between sensory and motor neurons or connect to other relay neurons within the central nervous system |
| Response | The reaction to a specific stimulus e.g. salivating when you see food |
| Schemas | Mental frameworks of information that we use to organise past experience and to interpret and respond to new situations. |
| Sensory neuron | Carries signals from the senses to the central nervous system |
| Social learning theory | The view that people learn through observing others |
| Somatic nervous system | Sub-division of the peripheral nervous system that controls muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors |
| Stimulus | Anything in the environment detectable by the senses e.g. sound, smell |
| Structuralism | Using the experiment method to find the building blocks of thought |
| Subjective | Affected by personal feelings, prejudices and interpretations |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Sub-division of the autonomic nervous system that controls the 'fight or flight' response |
| Synapse | The tiny gap between one neuron and the next |
| Synaptic transmission | The way that signals between neurons are transmitted chemically across the synaptic gap |
| Theoretical models | Diagrammatic representations of the steps involved in internal mental processes, e.g. the information-processing model. |
| Twin study | Used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates between pairs of twins |
| Vicarious reinforcement | Observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour and the consequences of their actions |
Created by:
Sprockles