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Sea Turtle Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the scientific name for Leatherback | Dermochelys coriacea |
| Describe the carapace of Leatherback | tapered; leathery with 5 ridges dark gray/black with white spots |
| Describe the head of Leatherback | tooth-like notch on either side of upper jaw no scales |
| Where are the only areas where Leatherbacks are not seen | arctic and Antarctic waters |
| Describe the plastron of Leatherback | relatively small white with black spots |
| What type of food do Leatherbacks eat | Carnivorous Specialized in jellyfish but will eat soft body inverts |
| What adaptions do leatherbacks have to account for their specific diet | lack of crushing/chewing plates pointed tooth-like cusps and sharp-edged jaw |
| What is the scientific name for Loggerhead Sea Turtle | Caretta caretta |
| Describe the carapace of Loggerhead Sea Turtle | longer than it is wide 5+ costal scutes first scute is very small red brown to brown |
| Describe the head of Loggerhead Sea Turtle | large 4+ (2 pairs) prefrontal scales |
| Describe the plastron of Loggerhead Sea Turtle | yellow to orange 3 inframarginal scutes |
| How many claws are on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle's front flippers | 2 on each |
| Where are Loggerhead Sea Turtle typically seen | all oceans primarily temperate waters and near shores or structures |
| What type of food do Loggerhead Sea Turtle eat | Carnivore Feed throughout water column (shallow waters/estuaries, continental shelf or open ocean) If in open ocean will eat floating items and sea weed |
| What is the scientific name for Green Sea Turtle | Chelonia mydas |
| Describe the carapace of Green Sea Turtle | 4 costal scute |
| Describe the head of Green Sea Turtle | round face serrated jaw 1 pair of elongates prefrontal scales |
| Describe the color differentiation between adult and juvenile Greens | juvenile radiating streaks; Adult brown, buff |
| Describe the plastron of Green Sea Turtle | yellowish 4 inframarginal scutes |
| Where are Green Sea Turtle typically seen | all subtropic (primarily) and tropic waters (bays and coastal regions) |
| How many distinct population segments are there of Green Sea Turtles | 11 |
| What type of food do Green Sea Turtle eat | Herbivorous Primarily algae or seagrass |
| What can juvenile Green Sea Turtles eat that adults dont | Sponges, Inverts, Discarded fish |
| What is the scientific name for Black Sea Turtles | Chelonia mydas |
| Describe the carapace of Black Sea Turtle | 4 costal scutes First costal scute does not touch nuchal black or grayish with black markings |
| Describe the Plastron of Black Sea Turtle | cream to gray 4 inframarginal scutes |
| Describe the Head of Black Sea Turtle | round face; serrated jaw; 1 pair of elongate prefrontal scales |
| What species is the Black Sea Turtle potentially a subspecies for? | Green Sea Turtle |
| What is the scientific name for Hawksbill Turtle | Eretmochelys imbricata |
| Describe the carapace of Hawksbill Turtle | 4 costal scutes (usually) overlapping scutes oval amber and brown streaks |
| Describe the head of Hawksbill Turtle | curved beak; distinct overbite 2 pair prefrontal scales |
| Describe the plastron of Hawksbill Turtle | cream with dark blotches front and rear 4 inframarginal scutes |
| Where are Hawksbill Turtle typically seen in adulthood | coral reefs and mangrove estuaries |
| Where are Hawksbill Turtle typically seen in hatchlings | pelagic: seeks shelter in floating algal mats **Years 1-5** |
| Where are Hawksbill Turtle typically seen in Juveniles | shallower coastal feeding grounds (coral reefs) |
| What do Hawksbill Turtle typically eat | Omnivorous Prefer sea sponges but will eat any plant/mollusk/animal it can |
| What special trait does the Hawksbill Turtle have to reach into narrower areas | hawk like beak |
| What is the scientific name for Kemp’s Ridley | Lepidochelys kempii |
| Describe the carapace of Kemp’s Ridley | round; 5 (sometimes 6) costal scutes First costal scute touches nuchal Carapace is wide and almost circular gray to light olive green |
| Describe the plastron of Kemp’s Ridley | white to yellow 4 inframarginal scutes with pores |
| Describe the head of Kemp’s Ridley | triangular; relatively large; 2 pair prefrontal scales |
| Where are Kemp’s Ridley typically seen | Gulf of Mexico and US Atlantic coast |
| What do Kemp’s Ridley typically eat in adulthood | Carnivorous **opportunistic bottom-feeders Invertebrates may feed on clams |
| What do Kemp’s Ridley typically eat as a juvenile | Primarily pelagic surface-feeders |
| What is the scientific name for Olive Ridley | Lepidochelys olivacea |
| Describe the carapace of Olive Ridley | nearly round; 6 - 9 costal scutes, number may be asymmetrical First costal scutes touches the nuchal |
| Describe the plastron of Olive Ridley | cream/white; 4 inframarginal scutes with pores |
| Describe the head of Olive Ridley | triangular; relatively large; 2 pair prefrontal scales |
| Where are Olive Ridley Turtle typically seen | Primarily tropical regions, but seen worldwide in pelagic waters |
| What do Olive Ridley typically eat | Omnivorous Algae • Crustaceans – crabs and lobsters • Tunicates • Mollusks |
| Difference between Oliver Ridley and Kemp's RIdley in terms of population | Kemp's is most endangered and Olive is most abundenet |
| Difference between Oliver Ridley and Kemp's RIdley in terms of size | olive is second smallest turtle kemp is smallest turtle |
| What is the scientific name for Flatback Turtle | Natator depressus |
| Describe the carapace of Flatback Turtle | 4 costal scutes; broad and round; upturned margins First costal scute does not touch nuchal olive grey |
| Describe the plastron of Flatback Turtle | yellowish; 4 inframarginal scutes |
| Describe the head of Flatback Turtle | preocular scale; wide; flat; triangular One pair prefrontal scales |
| Where are Flatback Turtle typically seen | only seen in tropical waters surrounding North Australia, Tropic of Capricorn, Parts of Papua New Guinea |
| What do Flatback Turtle typically eat | Carnivorous in shallow waters mostly inverts rarely eats sea grass |
| What does Oviparous mean | egg-laying |
| How often do female turtles nest | 2-3 years |
| What sex of turtles come ashore after mating | only females |
| How many nests can a female lay per mating with how many eggs in each | several 80-120 eggs |
| Whats inside the egg of a turtle | Embryo, Amniotic fluid, yolk sac, allantois |
| What does the amniotic fluid do | provides stable aquatic environment & absorbs shock waves; protects embryo |
| What does the yolk sac do | provides nourishment |
| What does the Allantois do | allows gas exchange between embryo and air within nest removes waste |
| What determines the sex of an egg | the temperature |
| Hot vs cold eggs. What sex does each become | Hot is female Cool is male |
| Can eggs produce their own heat? | Yes |
| With eggs producing their own heat is the center or outside typically female | female would be center |
| What are the most common threats to the nest | Predation, Tidal inundation, global warming |
| How is the time of hatching affected | dependent of environmental conditions |
| How signals to the other hatchlings to hatch | movement of the first couple hatchlings |
| What occurs immediately after the hatchlings leave the egg | rest to absorb the rest of the yolk |
| What is a hatchling frenzy | hatchlings crawling and climbing over each other to exit the nest |
| How long does it take for the hatchlings to reach the surface | 24-48 hours |
| When do hatchlings typically appear from the nest | Sunset or night time Temperature cool enough for emergence |
| Two categories of conservation threats | Environmental Anthropogenic |
| What are examples of Anthropogenic conservation threats | Bycatch Poaching marine Debris coastal development |
| Who coordinates the STSSN | National Marine Fisheries Service |
| Who coordinates the STSSN in Florida | Fish and Wildlife Research Institute of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission |
| What is included in the STSSN form | date and location, species, condition, presence of tags, tail and carapace measurements, and fate or final disposition presence of anthropogenic material, injury, and disease. |
| What are the different kinds of strandings | Traditional strandings Incidental captures Posthatchlings Cold-stunnings Nesting-related |
| why is Sea Turtle stranding data useful | identify and monitor mortality factors. know basic biological data |
| Why do sea turtle rehab facilities conduct necropsies | evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitative treatments |
| What are the components of a necropsy | Gross examination Histopathology Ancillary laboratory analyses |
| What is included with the Ancillary laboratory analyses | pathogen detection toxin analysis other testing |
| What are the factors that affect the depth/thoroughness of the necropsy | objectives of necropsy postmortem condition expertise funding |
| Why are necropsies done (in general) | Identify & monitor causes of mortality/disease Obtain valuable health/biological/life history information Insight into treatment/rehabilitation |
| What information is collected during necropsies | Cause of death Abnormalities that reduce fitness Important health metrics Biological / life history information |
| What challenges arise that can disrupt the necropsy | Decomposition Scavenging Size of some turtles Remote conditions |
| What are the four levels of necropsy | 1. Stranding Documentation and Basic External Exam 2. Basic Necropsy 3. Advanced Necropsy 4. Selection of specific analysis and targeted studies |
| Basic instruments required for necropsy | sturdy scissors, forceps, bone shears, ruler, camera, sharp knife |
| Definition of documentation in terms of a necropsy | physical description of an observation (size, color, texture, smell) |
| Definition of interpretation in terms of a necropsy | assessment of the cause based on the physical characteristics (wound type, pathological process) |
| What are some helpful photos to take during necropsy | Dorsal & ventral photos that clearly show entire turtle Photos of head & neck area Any external injuries or other anomalies Ventral photo with the plastron removed (demonstrates nutritional condition) Any internal anomalies |
| How to collect tissues for a histopathology | Ensure fixation (use proper fixture) Collect sample Handle tissue carefully |
| What are some examples of advanced sampling that could occur during a necropsy | Fluids, GI contents, organs, unusual abnormalities |
| What is the first thing you remove during a necropsy | plastron |
| What do you first check for once the plastron is removed | the nutritional condition of the animal |
| Once nutritional condition is check what is the next step | expose the coelomic cavity |
| What organs/body parts are part of the coelomic cavity | windpipe, heart, liver, digestive tract, bladder, rathke's glands, thyroid, thymus |
| Before disrupting the anatomy of the turtle what should be first examined | the gonads |
| After gonads are viewed and thymus/thyroid have been examined what is the next step | look at the GI tract |
| What is part of the GI tract | esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, colon |
| Once confirming that all GI tract organs were properly in place and there, what happens next | remove and examine digestive tract collect content samples |
| Before disrupting the anatomy after confirming all GI organs look alright, what organs should be removed because they are easily lost? | Thyroid gland and thymus |
| What should you look for/at in when examining the viscera/coelom | examine all the surfaces Eval the gall bladder and bile ducts incise liver and examine each section |
| What is done (examined or removed) with the digestive tract | tongue and hyoid are removed Inspect mouth and pharynx examine esophagus separate esophagus and trachea leave esophagus/stomach in tact |
| How do you examine the respiratory tract | in situ |
| How far do you open the respiratory tract | glottis into central airway of lungs |
| What is removed or just viewed when examining the urogenital system | both kidneys removed Inspect for symetery |
| After examining the urogenital system what comes next | remove the head |
| What to inspect for when removing head | separate skull from first cervical vertebrae |
| Once head is removed what do you expose | brain and salt glands |
| After examining brain and salt glands what is next | Examine middle ear |
| What are the 3 parts of the skeleton | cranial, axial, appendicular |
| What are the parts included in the cranial skeleton | skull, mandibles, hyoid apparatus |
| What is included in the skull (3 things) | neurocranium, splanchnocranium, Occipital protuberance |
| What is the neurocranium and where is it | inner brain case found ventral to skull |
| What is the splanchnocranium and what part is used for species ID | outer skull skull shape and palatal bones |
| What is the splanchnocranium used to help attach | jaw and neck muscles through muscle attachments |
| Aside from muscle attachments, what else is found in the splanchnocranium | sensory organs |
| What is the rhamphotheca | keratin coverings of maxillary, pre-maxillary, mandibular components of jaw to create a break |
| Is the rhamphotheca species specific and/or diet specific | both species and diet |
| What anatomy is included in the axial skeleton | Carapace, vertebrae, ribs, ventral rib portion of plastron |
| What parts of the skeleton CANNOT be retracted into the shell | Axial and appendicular skeleton |
| What bone fontanelles do not fuse due to growing | carapace and plastron |
| How are the carapace and plastron connected | soft tissue |
| Where does the carapace and plastron arise from | ribs, vertebrae and dermal bones |
| What happens to the carapace and plastron as animal ages | fill in and ossify |
| what are fontanelles | gaps between lateral ribs and marginal bones covered by fibrous membrane under scutes |
| Vertebras 1-7 are... | the same in other animals |
| Vertebrae 8 is the... | cervical vertebra transitional and articulates with nuchal bone carapace |
| Vertebras 10-11 are... | the thoracic trunk vertebrae and pleural bones incorporated in carapace |
| Sacral bones 2-3... | articulate with carapace as part of pelvic girdle |
| 12+ caudal vertebra are located in the.. | tail |
| 12+ caudal vertebra are... (sex specific trait) | much larger in adult males compared to females (longer tail) |
| What parts of the skeleton are included in the appendicular skeleton | flippers, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle |
| Why are flippers, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle modified | respirations and powerful swimming |
| How is the pectoral girdle modified | the orientation of the scapula and the shoulder joint |
| How is the scapula oriented in the pectoral girdle | vertically |
| what portion of the scapula helps from what section of the humerus | ventral portion, glenoid process |
| what do the clavicles form in the plastron | entoplastron bone |
| When does the entoplastron bone pose a risk of trauma | in debilitated animals |
| Why is the entoplastron bone able to cause trauma in debilitated turtles | plastron becomes soft and mobile in emaciated animals as they lose muscle mass |
| What type of trauma is the entoplastron most likely to cause | tip of bone puncturing through plastron or occasionally heart |
| Why do healthy animals have little to no risk of trauma associated with the entoplastoron | usually surrounded by muscle and adipose tissue |
| 4 groups of muscles | axial ventral Forelimbs Respiratory |
| What is a unique trait of the muscles that no other animal has | muscle can attach to skin in addition to bone and muscles |
| What are the subgroups of the ventral muscles | pectoral and forelimbs |
| What does indeterminate growth mean | continues growing throughout life |
| When do turtles grow the most (life stages) | birth to puberty |
| Growth rates can change based on... | region, seasonality, resources available |
| What are the four phases of healing | 1. Acute/Inflam phase 2. Debridement phase 3.Repair phase 4. Maturation phase |
| How long is the acute/inflam phase | few days |
| What happens in the acute/inflam phase | active bleeding/oozing primary closure window |
| How long is the debridement phase | days to weeks |
| What happens in the debridement phase | fibronecrotic exudate wound margins raised and rounded WBC/platelet infiltrate (cytokines and growth factors) Angiogenisis, mesenchymal cell recruitment |
| What is fibronecrotic exudate | caseous scab material that covers wound |
| How long is the repair phase | weeks to months |
| what happens in the repair phase | fibroblasts form granulation tissue, wound contraction then organize and epithelialization |
| How long is the maturation phase | months to years |
| What happens during the maturation phase | tissue remodeling to form scars collagen fibers organize, blood vessels recede, pigmentation and keratinization |
| What wounds get the fibronecrotic exudate | ALL wounds (even the eye) |
| How many chambers does the heart have | 3 chambers |
| Which chamber of the heart is the most muscular and largest | Right atrium |
| Name the 3 chambers of the heart | Left atrium Right atrium ventricle |
| How many ventricles | 1 |
| Name the subdivisions of the ventricle | Cavum pulmonale cavum venosum cavum arteriosum |
| How are the cava seperated | incomplete muscular ridges |
| What is the potential fourth chamber of the heart | sinus venosus |
| What is the sinus venosus | dilated sac like structure dorsal or atria |
| What does the sinus venosus collect blood from | head, ventricle, lungs, body |
| What does the sinus venosus consist of | cardiac muscle |
| blood in the heart pumping from the right goes from the ___ to the _____ | body to the lungs |
| blood in the heart pumping from the left goes from the ___ to the ____ | lungs to body |
| Both _____ supply blood into the ventricle _____ | atria, simultaneously |
| venous blood flows from ____ through ____ to _____ | body, sinus venosus, right atrium |
| Can blood exit the cavum arteriosum directly | no |
| Where does the blood pass through during circulation after going through the cavum arteriosum | through septum into cavum venosum into circulation |
| What chambers are continuous during diastole | venosum and pulmonale |
| Where does separation of oxygenated blood occur | via blood flow and position of papillary muscles |
| Does the heart continue beating long after death or stop beating shortly after death | continues beating long after death |
| Turtles experience extended periods of ___ while diving | apnea |
| What does the dive reflex do when triggered | protects tissue from increased CO2 and nitrogen levels |
| What allows for the redirection of blood flow/shunting to or away from the lungs | incomplete interventricular septum and muscle sphincters in the pulmonary artery |
| What direction does shunting happen | right to left |
| Where is the glottis located | immediately caudal to tongue and ventral to choana |
| What opens and closes to allow access to the airway | muscular flaps |
| What do the tracheal rings do | help resist collapse when under increased pressure (ex: dives) |
| Are the tracheal rings expandable? | No |
| Why are the tracheal rings sensitive | the tracheal mucosa |
| Can the tracheal rings be damaged and give examples | yes very easily during intubation or endoscopy |
| How does the trachea turn into bronchi | bifurcates into 2 bronchi |
| Where are the 2 bronchi located | cranial to heart |
| which lung has an increased risk of aspirations | right lung |
| What are the two gas exchange sites in the lungs | Ediculi and Faveoli |
| Tidal volume is ____ in turtles compared to mammals | smaller |
| What lung anatomy does turtles not have compared to mammals | no bronchial tree |
| Do turtles have a diaphragm | no |
| Are ribs mobile | no |
| What cannot expand by rib movement | coelom |
| What is the dorsal surface of lungs attached to | carapace |
| What is the ventral surface of lungs attached to | abdominal viscera |
| What do the attachments to the dorsal and ventral lung do | provide tension to create gas exchange |
| inspiration and expiration are ____ in Sea turtles and require _____ ________ | active; intentional thought |
| What do sea turtles do to change intra-coelomic pressure to expand and collapse the lungs | utilize muscle contractions and movement of pectoral and pelvic girdle |
| What ligament is linked to the right lung | hepatopulmonary ligament |
| What ligament is linked to the left lung | gastropulmonary ligament |
| What is the respiratory site used for | gas exchange Buoyancy control Temperature regulation Olfaction |
| What are the adaptations for efficient total gas exchange | large diameter intrapulmonary airways high tidal volume elastic interstitium with smooth muscle fibers |
| What are the adaptations for oxygen efficiency (external) | hydrodynamic body powerful flipper propulsion neutral buoyancy resting |
| What makes the pulmonary diffusion more efficient | double capillary net |
| What is the primary site for oxygen storage | lungs |
| Hemoglobin has a _____affinity for oxygen | lower |
| How is the tongue able to move | up and down only |
| What is the function of the tongue | helps with food manipulation helps position glottis for breathing |
| What is the esophagus lined with | spiny keratinized papilla |
| where do the esophagus papilla extend from | mucosa |
| The large intestine/colon is.. (physical appearance) | thin walled and distendable |
| What is the shortest section of the GI tract in carnivorous species | colon |
| What is the cloaca used for | urine, urates, fecal matter, eggs, phallus |
| 3 segments of the cloaca | coprodeum urodeum proctodeum |
| What does the coprodeum do for the cloaca | empty of rectum |
| What does the urodeumdo for the cloaca | opening to bladder and ureters |
| What does the proctodeumdo for the cloaca | leads to vent |
| What segment of the cloaca is the most anterior | coprodeum |
| Why is the cloaca more at risk from disease compared to mammals | fecal matter enters cloaca anterior to bladder opening |
| What organs are part of the hepatobiliary system | liver, gallbladder, bile ducts |
| What is the largest visceral organ | liver |
| How many lobes does the liver have in turtles | 2 |
| What lobe is the largest in the liver | right |
| What does the right lobe house | gallbladder |
| When can fatty liver happen | improperly balanced diets and seasonal changes |
| What is the color and appearance of a normal liver | dark or reddish brown thinning towards margins (sharp and angular) |
| What is the color and appearance of a fatty liver | lighter in color rounded margins |
| What is the color and appearance of an atrophied liver | black and smaller rubbery consistency sharp margins |
| What is included in the urogenital system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, salt glands, reproductive tract |
Created by:
Kayla_K