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Unit 6 Vocab euro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Friedrich List | German economist and nationalist who argued for protectionist policies and industrialization as a means of economic development. He is best known for his theory of the "National System of Political Economy." |
| The Krupp Family | A German industrial family known for their steel production and weapons manufacturing. The Krupp company played a significant role in the development of Germany’s military and industrial power in the 19th and 20th centuries. |
| Sergei Witte | Russian statesman and industrialist who served as Finance Minister under Nicholas II. He is known for his efforts to modernize Russia’s economy, especially through the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and implementing protectionist policies. |
| Peter Stolypin | Russian Prime Minister under Nicholas II, best known for land reforms aimed at creating a class of independent peasants. His reforms were aimed at stabilizing Russia and reducing unrest but were also accompanied by harsh repression of political dissent |
| Napoleon III | Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, he became Emperor of France after the 1848 Revolution. His reign saw industrial expansion and modernization but ended with France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) and the fall of the Second Empire |
| John Stuart Mill | British philosopher and political economist, known for his contributions to liberalism, utilitarianism, and social theory. His works, such as On Liberty, champion individual freedoms and the rights of women, as well as economic and political reforms |
| Flora Tristan | French socialist writer and activist who advocated for women's rights and the rights of the working class. She is considered one of the pioneers of feminist and labor movements in the 19th century. |
| Jeremy Bentham | British philosopher and social reformer, best known as the founder of utilitarianism, a philosophy that advocates for the greatest happiness for the greatest number. His ideas influenced modern political and economic thought. |
| Henri de Saint-Simon | French social theorist and one of the founders of utopian socialism. He proposed a society led by scientists, engineers, and industrialists, with a focus on rational planning and the welfare of all citizens. |
| Robert Owen | Welsh social reformer and industrialist, known for his efforts to improve working conditions and promote cooperative communities. He is considered one of the founders of the cooperative movement and early socialism |
| Charles Fourier | French philosopher and social theorist, best known for his ideas on utopian socialism. He envisioned a society organized into self-sustaining communities called "phalanxes" where people would live and work in harmony. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher and economist, co-author of The Communist Manifesto and author of Das Kapital. father of Marxism, a theory of history and society that advocates for the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a classless, stateless society. |
| Friedrich Engels | German philosopher, collaborator w/ Marx. He co-authored The Communist Manifesto and added to Marxist theory. Engels also wrote extensively on social and economic issues, particularly concerning industrial capitalism and its effects on the working class. |
| Georges Sorel | French theorist and socialist, known for his ideas about syndicalism and the role of revolutionary violence in overthrowing capitalist systems. He influenced radical labor movements and thinkers like Lenin and Mussolini. |
| Mikhail Bakunin | Russian revolutionary and anarchist, known for his advocacy of direct action, violent revolt, and the abolition of the state. Bakunin was a key figure in the early anarchist movement and a rival to Marx in the international socialist movement |
| Clara Zetkin | German socialist and feminist, a prominent figure in the early international women's movement. She was a key leader in the German Social Democratic Party and organized the first International Women's Day in 1911. |
| Rosa Luxemburg | Polish-German revolutionary socialist and Marxist theorist. She was a leading figure in the German Social Democratic Party and later the Spartacist uprising. Luxemburg advocated for revolutionary democracy and the mass mobilization of workers. |
| Emily Pankhurst | British suffragette and leading figure in the campaign for women’s suffrage in the UK. She founded the Women’s Social and Political Union and was known for her militant tactics in advocating for women's right to vote |
| Josephine Butler | British social reformer and feminist, known for her work in the field of women's rights and the abolition of the Contagious Diseases Acts, which were laws that discriminated against women. |
| Edwin Chadwick | British social reformer + public health advocate, best known for his role in the development of modern sanitation and public health systems. His 1842 report on the sanitary conditions of the laboring population helped initiate major public health reforms. |
| Georges Haussmann | French urban planner under Napoleon III, who was responsible for the renovation of Paris in the mid-19th century. work included the creation of wide boulevards, parks, and modernized infrastructure, transforming the city into a symbol of modernization. |
| Congress of Vienna | A meeting of European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain) held in 1814-1815 to redraw the map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat. aimed to restore the old monarchies, prevent future French aggression, and establish a balance of power in Europe |
| 1st Industrial Revolution | period of major industrial + tech change that began in the late 18th until the mid-19th century, primarily Britain. included innovations: steam engine, mechanized textile production, + the growth of factories, big transforming economies + societies. |
| The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851 | A massive glass-and-iron structure built in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851, showcasing the achievements of the Industrial Revolution. The Crystal Palace symbolized British industrial prowess and innovation. |
| Irish Potato Famine | A catastrophic famine that occurred in Ireland between 1845 and 1852, caused by a potato disease (potato blight). It led to the deaths of approximately one million people and forced millions of Irish to emigrate, especially to the United States. |
| Manchester, England | A city in northern England that became a center of the Industrial Revolution due to its textile industry. Manchester became a symbol of industrialization, urbanization, and the social changes that accompanied the rise of factory production. |
| 2nd Industrial Revolution | The phase of industrialization that began in the late 19th century, characterized by the rise of steel production, the spread of electricity, the development of chemical industries, and innovations in transportation (e.g., the automobile and the airplane) |
| War of Greek Independence | A conflict between the Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829. The war was supported by European powers, particularly Britain, France, and Russia, leading to the establishment of an independent Greek state. |
| Decembrist Revolt in Russia | uprising occurred on Dec 14, 1825, Russia, led by army officers who were dissatisfied with the ascension of Nicholas I after death of his brother, Alexander I. The revolt aimed for a constitutional monarchy, but it was crushed by the tsar's forces |
| Polish Rebellion | a series of uprisings in Poland, most notably the November Uprising of 1830-1831, in which Polish nationalists sought to break free from Russian control. The rebellion was unsuccessful, and Poland remained under Russian rule for much of the 19th century |
| Failed Revolutions of 1848 | series of revolutionary movements in Europe in 1848, referred to "Springtime of Nations." These revolutions aimed at liberal reforms, national independence, + social change but were ultimately stopped by conservative forces, with few lasting outcomes. |
| Paris Commune | radical socialist + rev. govnt, ruled Paris from March to May 1871. established after France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War + collapse of Second Empire. The Commune sought to implement socialist reforms but was violently stoped by French govnt. |
| Sunday School Movement | social reform movement, emerged in the early 19th century in Britain, primarily aimed at educating working-class children on Sundays. out of religious groups, Church of England, to provide education to children who were otherwise working during the week |
| Temperance Movement | A social and political campaign in the 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at reducing or prohibiting the consumption of alcohol. It was often associated with moral reform movements. |
| Continental System | A trade blockade established by Napoleon in 1806, aimed at weakening Britain by closing European ports to British goods. It was intended to cripple Britain's economy but ultimately failed and led to economic difficulties for France and its allies |
| Concert of Europe | system of international cooperation among the major European powers (Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, France), emerged after the Napoleonic Wars. designed to maintain peace + order in Europe by suppressing rev movements + resolving disputes diplomaticly |
| Principle of Legitimacy | The idea, by Klemens von Metternich at the Congress of Vienna, that legitimate monarchs who had been overthrown during the Napoleonic Wars should be restored to power. This principle aimed to ensure stability and order in post-revolutionary Europe |
| Principle of Intervention | belief the great powers of Europe had right to intervene in other countries to suppress revolutionary movements or restore legitimate monarchies. This principle was used to justify interventions in Spain, Italy, and other countries during the 19th century |
| Romanticism | cultural + intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century + emphasized emotion, individualism, nature, and the sublime. Romanticism reacted against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and inspired art, literature, music, and political moveme |
| Bourgeois | The middle class, particularly who owned property or were involved in commerce + industry. bourgeoisie played a key role in the development of capitalism and the industrial revolution and were often contrasted with the aristocracy and the working class |
| Proletariat | The working class, especially those who did not own property and depended on wages for survival. Karl Marx argued that the proletariat was exploited by the bourgeoisie and would eventually overthrow capitalism in a socialist revolution |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, free markets, and the pursuit of profit. Capitalism emerged during the Industrial Revolution and became the dominant economic system in Western Europe and the United States |
| Consumerism | belief/ideology that increasing the acquisition of goods + services is economically beneficial + a measure of personal success. Consumerism - widespread during the late 19th - early 20th cents, especially with the rise of mass production and advertising |
| Corn Laws of Britain | series of laws enacted between 1815-1846 that imposed tariffs on imported grain to protect British farmers from foreign competition. led to high food prices and widespread protests, particularly from urban workers, and were eventually repealed in 1846 |
| Bessemer Process | An industrial method for producing steel developed by Henry Bessemer in the 1850s. It allowed for the mass production of steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, revolutionizing construction and manufacturing |
| Zollverein | A customs union formed in 1834 among several German states, designed to stimulate trade and economic cooperation by eliminating internal tariffs and standardizing regulations. It was a significant step toward German unification under Prussian leadership |
| Factory Act of 1833 | British law - limited the working hours of children in factories, mandated schooling for children, + established govnt inspectors, enforce regulations. one of the first pieces of labor legislation - at improving working conditions in the industrial sector |
| Mines Act of 1842 | A British law that prohibited women and children under the age of ten from working in coal mines. The act was a response to growing concerns about the exploitation and dangerous working conditions faced by miners, particularly women and children |
| Ten Hours Act of 1847 | A British law that limited the working hours of women and children to ten hours per day in factories. It was a key piece of labor reform legislation aimed at improving working conditions during the Industrial Revolution |
| Conservatism | political ideology - emphasizes tradition, social stability, + importance of maintaining established institutions, like monarchy, the church, + aristocracy. Conservatives believed gradual change, than radical reforms + often opposed to rev movements |
| Liberalism | political ideology - advocated individual liberties, democratic governance, free markets, + limited govnt intervention. Liberals championed constitutional reforms, the protection of civil rights, and economic freedom, especially during the 19th century |
| Utopian Socialism | early socialist ideas, thought ideal, hatmony societies on cooperation than competition. Utopian socialists, like Charles Fourier + Robert Owen, proposed models for communal living + economic cooperation, though these ideas were criticized as impractical |
| Marxism | theory of history + society by Marx + Engels, argues social + economic systems evolve through class struggle. Marxism advocates the overthrow of capitalism by proletariat + establishment of a classless, stateless society through socialism and communism |
| Anarchism | political ideology - advocates the abolition all forms of hierarchical authority; the state, + the creation of self-managed, stateless societies. Anarchists, like Mikhail Bakunin, argued for direct action and revolutionary violence to achieve their goals |
| Anti-Corn Law League | political movement:Britain, early 19th cent, led by Richard Cobden + John Bright, campaigned the repeal of the Corn Laws. The League argued the Corn Laws, protected domestic grain prices, harmful to consumers + working class + eventually repealed-1846 |
| Chartism | Chartism was a 1830s–40s British working-class movement for political reform. Its People's Charter demanded universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and parliamentary changes to empower common citizens |
Created by:
Sara Hill