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Chapter 3

Test info

TermDefinition
What is meiosis Cell division only in sex cells
What is chromatin 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome
Plasma membrane structures  Phospholipid bilayer  Embedded Proteins  Cholesterol  Carbohydrates
Plasma membrane function  Surrounds cell, keeps it intact, regulates what enters and exits the cell  Cell border  Location of Cell markers and receptors - communicates  With adhesion proteins help cells stick together  Helps with Homeostasis
Nucleus function  Large, centrally located structure  "Control Tower" of a cell  Stores genetic information - DNA  Cell replication - DNA  What proteins are produced and how much  Synthesizing rRNA and assembling ribosomes  Cell division - daughter cells
Nucleus Structure • Nuclear Envelope • Nucleoplasm • Chromatin • Nucleolus • Nuclear Lamina
Cytoplasm function  Holds Organelles in place  Internal environment of cells  Cell material between the Plasma Membrane and the Nucleus
Cytoplasm Structure • Cytoplasmic matrix, cytosol or hyaloplasm • Cytoskeleton
Nucleolus function • Region that produces subunits of Ribosomes • Spherical, membrane-less structure • rRNA is transcribed • Essential for protein synthesis
Nucleolus Structure • Dense, spherical body
Cytoskeleton functions/definition  Network of interconnected filaments and tiny hollow tubes  Maintains cell shape and assists movement of the cell parts
Cytoskeleton Structure • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate Filaments
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function  studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm  forms and processes proteins  Transport to Golgi Apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Structure • Membrane System • Ribosomes • Lumen • Cytoskeletal Support
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function  lacks the ribosomes,  synthesizes lipid molecules  Detoxification  Calcium Storage  Carbohydrate Metabolism
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Structure • Tubular and membranous structures interconnected
Centriole function  Short cylinders of microtubules  Formation of basal bodies for Cilia and Flagella
Centriole Structure • Cylindrical • Composed of microtubules, 9+0 pattern
Centrosome function • Organelle in Animal Cells • Main microtubule-organizing center • Cell division • Cell organization
Centrosome Structure • Centrioles • Pericentriolar Material (PCM) • Disc-shape near the nucleus
Ribosome function • Protein synthesis • Translating
Ribosome Structure • rRNA • Proteins
Lysosome function • Vesicle that digests, macromolecules and cell parts • Digestion, self-destruction cell • Membrane sacs that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes
Lysosome Structure • Spherical structure surrounded by a single lipid bilayer membrane
Peroxisome function • Vesicle that contains enzymes • Enzymes detoxify drugs, alcohol and other toxins • Breaks down fatty acid • Breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxisome Structure • Single lipid bilayer Membrane • Inside dense, granular matrix
Golgi apparatus function • Processes, packages, and distribution of molecules • Processing, packaging and secretion in the cell • Discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi • Contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus Structure • series of flattened stacked membrane-bound stacks
Mitochondrion function • organelle that carries out cell respiration • ATP molecules - energy of cells • Cellular respiration
Mitochondria Structure • Double Membrane • Outer Membrane - smooth molecules and ions • Inner Membrane - folded structure
Cilia function • short hairlike projections that move materials along the surface of cells • Cell movement - movement of substances inside a tube
Cilla Structure • Microtubules arranged in 9+2 structure • 9 pairs of microtubules • Basal Body • Ciliary Membrane
Flagella function • Whip-like structures • Enable cell movement • Sensory Functions
Flagella Structure • 3 components • Filament • Hook • Basal Body
Define selectively permeable o A property of membranes that allows only certain substances to pass through and blocking others.
What are the passive methods of molecule transport Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Filtration
What are the active methods molecule transport Primary and Secondary
Simple Diffusion  Movement of substance higher to lower concentration  No energy  Small, uncharged molecules or lipid-soluble substances move
Facilitated Diffusion  Allows molecules to cross cell membrane with the help of transport proteins Needs energy Moves glucose, Ions, Water and Amino Acids
Osmosis  Movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane Moves water in the body No energy required
Filtration Separating a solid from a fluid Gas and liquids No energy required Kidneys - blood to urine
Primary Active  Direct use of ATP to move substances AGAINST their concentration gradient
Secondary Active Doesn't use ATP
Active Transport  Needs energy  Lower-higher  Energy driven movement of substances
Endocytosis  Requires Energy  Brings substances inside a cell from the outside of the cell  Growth and reproduction
Phagocytosis • Uses plasma membrane to engulf large particles • Bacteria, dead tissues • Requires Energy
Pinocytosis • Requires energy • Moves substance into cell against gradient • Cell drinking • Fat absorption, Immune system and waste
Exocytosis  Cells transporting materials such as Proteins and neurotransmitters  Requires energy  Maintaining homeostasis in the body
What diffuses into or out of cells o Oxygen o Carbon Dioxide o Glucose o Water o Ions
What is osmotic pressure o Minimum pressure required to prevent solvent molecules (h2o) from flowing through a membrane o Pressure to stop Osmosis
What is tonicity o Relative concentration of solutes in a solution compared to another solution
What happens if we inject hypertonic fluid into a human? o Increased bp o Pulmonary edema
What happens if we inject hypotonic fluid into a person o Dilutes the blood stream
What happens if we inject Isotonic fluid into a person o Hemolysis o Hyponatremia
DNA Replication of a body's cell
What are the stages of the cell’s replication cycle? o G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis
• G1 stage of a cell o Cells grow and produce proteins and Organelles
S stage of a cell cycle DNA replication occurs
G2 Stage of a cell cycle Cells continue to grow and prepare for Mitosis
M stage of a cell Cell divides - daughter cell
Cytokinesis Stage of a cell Forms two new cells
What is apoptosis Process of cell death
What is the process of DNA replication o Double helix unwinds into two strands o Each original strand is a template – nucleotides match to form new partner strands o Enzyme DNA Polymarese
Protein Synthesis How proteins are made from DNA
Transcription Process of DNA copied to RNA Nucleus of the eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Translation Cell synthesizes protein carried by mRNA o On Ribosomes
Created by: JamieS1982
 

 



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