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Topic 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| amendment | an alteration or addition to a government document or procedure |
| authoritarian | strict obedience to a government or authority at the expense of personal freedoms |
| bourgeoisie | the middle class; including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
| conservatism | a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability |
| consulate | the top level of French government after the fall of the Directory |
| coup d'etat | a sudden overthrow of the government |
| domestic | occurring inside a country |
| deism | idea that sees god as the author of nature but without revelation or external worship |
| empiricism | the theory that says knowledge is achieved through observation |
| estate | one of three divisions of society in France under the Old Regime |
| federal system | a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments |
| geocentric | Earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around Earth |
| heliocentric | sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the planets, including Earth, revolve around the sun |
| laissez-faire | the idea that the state should not set government regulations but should leave the economy alone |
| philosphe | intellectuals during the Enlightenment |
| rivalry | a competition between two groups |
| rationalism | a system of thought that says reason is the main source of knowledge |
| republicanism | a form of government where voters elect officials to represent their interests in government rather than participate directly in government |
| scientific method | a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science and the modern world |
| separation of powers | a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances |
| social contract | the idea that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community |
| taille | an annual direct tax that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish scientist that first proposed the idea that the sun was the center of the universe |
| Catholic Church | scientists of the Scientific Revolution often found themselves in trouble with this organization |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter, invented a more powerful telescope, and worked with gravity and motion |
| France | where the Enlightenment began |
| reason | the main concept of the Enlightenment |
| key ideas of the Enlightenment | representative government, individual freedoms, challenge of the Church and monarchies |
| Seven Years War | 1756-1763 war between Britain and France which led to an increase in taxes on the colonists |
| George Washington | general of the Continental Army during the American Revolution who later became the first American president |
| Declaration of Independence | document that listed the reasons the colonists were upset with King George III, stated they were an independent nation, and talked about individual freedoms |
| Estates-General | the French Assembly that met from time to time and was called by Louis XVI in May of 1789 |
| National Assembly | what the Third Estate began calling itself after they were locked out of the Estates-General |
| Bastille | prison and fortress that was attacked on July 14, 1789, beginning the French Revolution |
| guillotine | method of execution in which thousands died from during the French Revolution, including King Louis XVI |
| Maximilien Robespierre | leader of the Jacobins whose rule began the Reign of Terror |
| the Directory | government of France from 1795-1799 which consisted of 5 directors and 2 legislative assemblies |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | general who overthrew the Directory and eventually named himself emperor |
| Austria and Prussia | countries that France attacked in 1792 |
| Russia | Napoleon failed here in 1812, leading to his eventual downfall |
| Waterloo | Napoleon's final defeat came at this battle in 1815 |
| Congress of Vienna | the meeting of European countries to discuss the peace agreement after the Napoleonic Wars |
| First Estate | the clergy (leaders of the Church) |
| Second Estate | the nobility (wealthy landowners) |
| the Third Estate | commoners, peasants, the middle class who were the only estate to pay the taille |
Created by:
Mrs. Marquardt