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RAD201_wk1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cardinal principles of radiation protection include | Time, Distance, Shielding |
| X-rays are a form of which kinds of radiation? | Ionizing |
| What provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? | Diagnostic Efficacy |
| What organization was founded in 2007 that continues their pursuit to raise awareness of the need for dose reduction protocols by promoting pediatric-specified scan protocols to be used for both radiology and non-radiology users of CT? | Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging |
| What is a method of explaining radiation to the public? | BERT |
| The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many | Regulatory Agencies |
| Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is | Greater than the risk involved |
| In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program? | Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) |
| What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units? | Coulomb per kilogram |
| The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term | optimization for radiation protection (ORP). |
| What radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation? | Effective Dose |
| Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes? | Ionizing Radiation |
| The millisievert (mSv) is equal to | 1/1000 of a sievert |
| Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as | wave-particle duality |
| If ionizing radiation from natural sources grows larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining radioactive elements, the sources are termed | enhanced natural sources |
| When spread over the inhabitants of the United States, fallout from nuclear weapons tests and other environmental sources along with other human-made radiations contributes | only a small portion of 0.1 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person. |
| The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than | 4 pCi/L of air. |
| What helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays? | Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth |
| What is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose for estimated levels of radiation exposure for humans? | 5.5 mSv |
| A flight on a typical commercial airliner results in an equivalent dose rate of | 0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hr. |
| What is the half-life of radon-220? | 54.5 seconds |
| Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms? | solar and galactic |
| The first decay product of radium is | radon |
| When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer? | smokers |
| What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose? | Millisievert |
| Which of the following radiation exposures is considered by the Environmental Protection Agency to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States? | Radon |
| Removal and storage of contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant continues to be a major concern because | the amount of contaminated water can still increase. |
| Since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered | negligible |
| The mass of an alpha particle is approximately | four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron. |
| Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth are examples of | terrestrial radiation |
| In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with | shorter wavelengths and higher energies. |
| Two cGy equals | .02 Gy |
| Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure? | Effective dose and equivalent dose |
| terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom? | Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray |
| What is the effective atomic number of compact bone? | 13.8 |
| If two anatomic structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other, the thicker structure will absorb | twice as many x-ray photons. |
| During the process of coherent scattering, an incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with | an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. |
| Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge and travel at the speed of light are | x-ray photons. |
| Which of the following results in all-directional scatter? | Compton interaction |
| What interactions between x-ray photons with matter involve a matter–antimatter annihilation reaction? | pair production |
| Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter? | Bremsstrahlung |
| Compton scattering is synonymous with | Incoherent scattering. |
| What is the term for the number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy during the process of photoelectric absorption? | Fluorescent yield |
| In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy | as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit. |
| Which of the following particles is considered to be a form of antimatter? | Positron |
| The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is | .022 MeV. |
| Although coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and can result in small amounts of radiographic fog. | at less than 10 keV |
| When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instea | Auger electron |
| X-rays are carriers of | human-made electromagnetic energy. |
| Fluorescent radiation is also known as | Characteristic radiation |
| Since the density of air is approximately _________________ than that of soft tissue, a given volume of air will interact with far fewer x-ray photons than adjacent regions of soft tissue, thereby permitting more radiation to reach the image receptor. | 1000 times smaller |
| Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption? | Photoelectron and characteristic photon |
| Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of small-angle scatter? | Coherent scattering and Compton scattering |
| The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________. | increases markedly; increases |
| Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities? | Positron emission tomography |
| The symbol Z indicates | atomic number of an atom. |
| What interactions results in the conversion of matter into energy? | Annihilation reaction |
| What formula is used to calculate effective dose? | EfD = D × WR × WT |
| Who was the first American radiation worker to die from radiation-induced cancer in October of 1904? | Clarence Madison Dally |
| What units of measurement are not SI units? | Roentgens and rads and rems |
| Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to | 20 |
| What do radiation weighting factors take into consideration? | The fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose |
| As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron–ion pairs produced | also increases. |
| How is dose area product usually specified? | In units of mGy-cm2 |
| Who discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| 0.2 Gy equals | 200 mGy. |
| If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose? | 100 person-Sv |
| In the SI system, an energy absorption of 1 J/kg of matter in the irradiated object equals which of the following? | 1 Gy |
| Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as | 1910 |
| The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air and expressed in metric units of joules per kilogram is | air kerma |
| Which of the following types of ionizing radiation produce virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses? | X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays |
| Beta particles are actually | high-speed electrons |
| In therapeutic radiology what SI units are now routinely used to specify absorbed dose? | Gray and centigray |
| 1 gray equals | 100 cGy. |
| What instrument can be calibrated to read air kerma? | Standard, or free-air, ionization chamber |
| What theory relates the ionization produced in a small cavity within an irradiated medium or object to the energy absorbed in that medium as a result of its radiation exposure? | Bragg-Gray |
| Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s body surface? | Dose area product |
| The whole-body TEDE regulatory limit for exposed personnel is _____________ and ______________ for the general public. | 0.05 Sv; 0.001 Sv |
| Cataract formation, fibrosis, reduced fertility, and sterility are classified as | late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation. |
| Which of the following is the SI unit of electrical current? | Ampere |
| What is the maximum period of time that a thermoluminescent ring dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personnel device? | 3 months |
| Whenever the letter “M” appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an) | equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. |
| The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter is “read out” by using a (an) | laser light at selected frequencies. |
| The personnel direct ion storage dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a (an) | universal serial bus (USB). |
| What do optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters, thermoluminescent ring dosimeters, and personnel direct ion storage dosimeters have in common? | These devices are all used for personnel monitoring. |
| Which of the following personnel monitoring devices can be used to provide an immediate exposure readout for a radiation worker? | Personnel direct ion storage dosimeter |
| Which of the following instruments generally has a check source of a weak, long-lived radioisotope located on one side of its external surface to verify its constancy daily? | Geiger-Műller survey meter |
| Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie? | Ionization chamber-type survey meter |
| The front of the white paper packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter | may be color coded to facilitate correct usage and placement of the dosimeter on the body of occupationally exposed personnel. |
| When changing employment, what must a radiation worker convey to his/her new employer? | Data pertinent to accumulated permanent equivalent dose to be placed on file |
| An ionization chamber connected to an electrometer is a device that can measure | tiny electric currents with high precision and accuracy. |
| The effective atomic number (Zeff) of lithium fluoride (LiF) is equal to | 8.2 |
| Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller survey meter alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation? | An audio amplifier and speaker |
| Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made? | luminum, tin, and copper |
| How is the readout for a personnel direct ion storage dosimeter obtained? | Through a physical connecting device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection |
| Because of the OSL dosimeter’s sensitivity down to as low as 10 µSv for x-ray and gamma ray photons in the energy range 5 keV to 40 MeV, it is an excellent and practical monitoring device for | employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers |
| Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector? | Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter |
| When the sensing material contained in the thermoluminescent ring dosimeter is irradiated, which of the following occurs? | Some of the electrons in the crystalline lattice structure of the LiF molecule absorb energy and are excited to higher energy levels or bands. |
| Which of the following is a disadvantage of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter? | Exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence without an in-house reader |
Created by:
jetsetjes