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A&P Module 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What two components are part of the epithelium membranes? | Epithelium & underlying connective tissue |
| What is the main characteristic of muscle tissue? | The ability to contract in response to specific stimuli |
| What is the type of muscle tissue that is under voluntary control? It is also conscious. | Skeletal muscle tissue |
| What is the type of muscle tissue that has short spindle-shaped cells, each with a single, centrally located nucleus? They are under involuntary control. | Smooth muscle tissue |
| What is the muscle tissue that consists of cells that are striated, branches, and joined by intercalated discs? | Cardiac muscle tissue |
| What are the epithelium membranes? | Sheet-like structures composed of epithelium and connective tissue |
| Nervous tissue makes up most of what structures? | Nerves, spinal cords, and brain |
| What are accessory structures that are part of the integumentary system? | Nails, hair, skin, sebaceous and sweat glands, and sensory receptors |
| Alb- | White |
| Cut- | Skin |
| Derm- | Skin |
| What are the two layers of skin? | Epidermis and dermis |
| Blood vessels are found in what layer of the skin? | Dermis |
| The epidermis only contains one type of tissue that is what? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis, which are nourished by dermal blood vessels, is called what? It also contains cells that are dividing. | Stratum basale |
| What is the thickest layer composed of primarily connective tissue within the skin? | Dermis |
| What does the epidermis lack? | Blood vessels |
| Where does oxygen, nutrients, and waste diffuse to and from blood vessels? | Dermis |
| What type of epidermis cell produces the protein keratin? | Keratinocyte |
| Why do cells of the epidermis die as they are pushed towards the surface of the skin? | They are too far away from their nutrient supply |
| What is the process called where the epidermal cells begin to harden due to the accumulation of the protein keratin? | Keratinization |
| What is the stratum corneum of the epidermis made up of? | Many layers of tough, tightly packed, dead cells |
| What is the function of a keratinocyte? | To produce a water-proofing protein |
| Lack of blood supply within the epidermis is the cause for what characteristic of epidermal cells? | Cells near the skin surface are dead |
| What are the epidermal layers from the top layer to the deepest layer? | Stratum corneum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale |
| What are the outermost layers of the epidermis called? | Stratum corneum |
| Where in the body is thick skin with five epidermal layers found? | Palms of hands and soles of feet |
| What epidermal layer is found in thick skin but not thin skin? | Stratum lucidum |
| Are the arms and legs covered in thick or thin skin? | Thin |
| What layer of epidermis contains melanocytes? | Stratum basale |
| The production of new skin cells keep pace with the loss of cells from the stratum corneum in what layer? | Stratum basale |
| Why do calluses form on palms and soles? | The rate of cell division increases in areas that are rubbed or pressed regularly |
| What causes psoriasis? | Cells in the epidermis divide seven times more frequently than normal |
| What are the features of the stratum basale? | A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow |
| What are the features of the stratum spinosum? | Many layers of cells with centrally located, large oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin |
| What are the features of the stratum granulosum? | Three to five layers of flattened cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei |
| What are the features of the stratum lucidum? | Only found in thick skin; clear cells |
| What are the features of the stratum corneum? | Many layers of keratinized, dead cells |
| What leads to development of skin necrosis? | Blockage of blood flow to skin |
| How can necrosis of the skin be prevented? | Avoiding situations where blood flow to the skin is impeded |
| Bedsores (decubitus ulcers) can develop in areas of where? | Blood flow to the skin is compromised |
| Merkel cells respond to what? | Light touch |
| The pigment melanin is produced by what? It contributes to the color that is observed in skin | Melanocytes |
| How is melanin protective? | It absorbs UV radiation from sunlight |
| What is the function of dendritic cells found within the stratum spinosum of the epidermis? | Protection from pathogens |
| Where are tactile cells located in the epidermis? | Stratum basale |
| What is the most common type of skin cancer? | Cutaneous carcinoma |
| What are features of melanomas? | More than one color, asymmetric shape with irregular borders, and more than 6 mm in diameter |
| What are the features of cutaneous carcinoma? | It is typically a hard, dry, scaly growth with a reddish base and it usually appears on the face, neck, or scalp |
| What are the factors that increase the risk of developing melanoma? | Exposure to high-intensity sunlight, light complexion, and tanning booths |
| What type of skin cancer is relatively rare, but accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths? | Cutaneous melanoma |
| Cutaneous melanoma originate from specialized epithelial cells called what? | Melanocytes |
| What accounts for the differences in skin tone between individuals? | Differences in the amount of melanin produced |
| What is the name of the bluish colored skin caused by low blood oxygen levels? | Cyanosis |
| Well oxygenated blood gives off what color of light-complexed people? | Pinkish |
| What is the tubelike depression in which a hair grows and emerges at the skin surface? | Hair follicle |
| What is the keratinized material lying upon the nail bed? | Nail plate |
| What are the two main parts of the nail? | Nail bed and nail plate |
| What is the skin underlying the nail plate? | Nail bed |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? | Papillary and reticular layers |
| Within a hair follicle a stem cell gives rise to hair or skin is located in the what? | Hair bulge |
| What produces the nail bed? | Epithelial cells continuous with the deeper layers of epidermis |
| What is the name of the portion of each hair that is embedded in the skin? | Hair root |
| What structure contains the epithelial cells which divide to produce hair growth? | The hair matrix |
| How does a hair shaft differ from a hair root? | The hair shaft extends from the surface of the skin while the hair root is within the skin |
| What happens to older cells in growing hair that are pushed towards the surface? | They become keratinized and die |
| What is the deepest portion of the hair root? | Hair bulb |
| What is the part of hair that extends out beyond the skin surface? | Hair shaft |
| What type of dead cells make up hair? | Epithelial cells |
| Based on how they release their secretions, sebaceous glands are classified as what? | Holocrine glands |
| What is the oily mixture that is secreted by sebaceous glands called? | Sebum |
| What is sebum a mixture of? | Fatty material and cellular debris |
| What do sudoriferous glands produce? | Sweat |
| What type of gland in the skin consist of coiled tubes that originate in the deeper dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer? | Sweat glands |
| What are the functions of sebum? | It lubricates hair, waterproofs the skin, and softens the skin |
| What type of sweat gland is the most numerous in the body? | Merocrine sweat glands |
| A sweat gland consists of what? | A tiny tube that originates as a ball-shaped coil in the dermis of the subcutaneous layer |
| What serves as an excretory function ridding the body of small amounts of wastes such as urea and uric acid? | Sweat |
| How do apocrine glands release their secretions? | Exocytosis |
| What sweat glands release their secretion in response to emotional upset, stress, fright, or sexual arousal? | Apocrine |
| Where are the secretions of apocrine sweat glands released? | Into hair follicles |
| Sweat secreted from merocrine glands contain small amounts of what? | Salts and urea |
| What type of sweat glands are abundant in the groin and axillary areas? | Apocrine sweat glands |
| What type of modified sweat glands produce wax in the ear canal? | Ceruminous glands |
| The skin plays an important role in the production of which vitamin? | D |
| What glands release their secretions into hair follicles? | Sebaceous and apocrine |
| What are the protective functions of sebum? | Prevents water loss and contains an anti-microbial compound |
| What is body heat a by-product of? | Cellular metabolism |
| What organ protects, regulates body temperature, and excretes waste? | Skin |
| What are the steps of vitamin D production in order? | Production of dehydrocholesterol in skin cells, production of cholecalciferol with the help of sunlight, and production of calcitriol in liver and kidney cells |
| What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation? | It is the regulator of body temperature |
| During cellular metabolism, some energy is lost in what form? | Heat |
| How does the dilation of dermal blood vessels help to decrease body temperature? | It increases blood flow to the skin and heat dissipates through the skin into the environment |
| What process of sweat from the surface helps to cool the body? | Evaporation |
| What is it called when a person's body temperature is higher than normal? | Hyperthermia |
| What is hypothermia? | A lower than normal body temperature |
| When does cooling of the body occur? | As sweat secreted by eccrine glands evaporate |
| What is the normal body response to injury? | Inflammation |
| The healing of a shallow cut in the skin results from an increased rate of mitosis in cells of the skin layer called the what? | Epidermis |
| What describes a first degree burn? | The surface layer of skin may peel a few days after the burn and the skin becomes inflamed with symptoms of warming and reddening |
| What describes a third degree burn? | The epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures of the skin are destroyed and the injured skin becomes dry and leathery and it can vary in color from red to black to white |
| What are the signs of inflammation? | Pain, redness, swelling, and heat |
Created by:
dani_simon