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ch.16 a&p
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the CNS | the central nervous system |
| what makes up the CNS | made up of the brain and spinal cord |
| what is the PNS | peripheral nervous system; nerves in arms, legs, etc |
| what are cranial nerves | nerves attached to brain |
| what are spinal nerves | nerves attached to spinal cord |
| what are the two divisions of the PNS | afferent and efferent |
| what does the afferent division do | brings impulses to CNS receptors sensoru structures |
| what does the efferent division do | brings impulses from CNS to peripheral nerves |
| stimuli/information from sensory to brain - what division | afferent division |
| what sends information to the brain by afferent division | special senses, somatic receptors, and visceral receptors |
| motor commans are sent from brain to arm/legs - what division | efferent division |
| efferent division (motor commands) is divided into two groups | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
| what is the somatic nervous system | "motor commands" sent to skeletal muscels |
| can you consciously control somatic nervous system pathway | yes |
| another name for autonomic nervous system | visceral motor system |
| what does the ANS regulate | smooth muscel, cardiac musle, and glandular secretions |
| can you consciously control ANS pathway | no |
| what makes up the ANS | parasympathetic divison and sympathetic division |
| what does the parasympathetic division do | slows heart rate, increases blood flow to digestive system, has antagonistic action with sympathetic division |
| what does the sympathetic division do | accelerates heart rate, increases blood flow to muscels |
| which divison is rest and digest | parasympathetic divison |
| which division is fight or flight | sympathetic division |
| what controls skeletal muscle contractions | somatic nervous system (SNS) |
| what controls cardiac and smooth muscle | autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| what lobe is the primary motor cortex | frontal lobe |
| voluntary control of skeletal muscles | frontal lobe |
| what lobe is the primary sensory cortex | parietal lobe |
| what lobe percieves touch pressure, pain, taste, and temperature | parietal lobe |
| what lobe does auditory and olfactory cortex | temporal lobe |
| what lobe perceives hearing and smell | temporal lobe |
| what lobe is viscual cortex | occipital lobe |
| what lobe perceives visual stimuli | occipital lobe |
| the secetions of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata |
| primary function of - olfactory | smell |
| primary function of - optic | vision |
| primary function of - oculomotor | eye movements |
| primary funtion of - trochlear | eye movemnet |
| primary function of - trigeminal | mixed sensroy and motor to face |
| primary function of - abducens | eye movement |
| primary function of - facial | mixed sensory and motor to face |
| primary function of - vestibulocochlear | hearing and balance |
| primary function of - glossopharyngeal | mixed top head and neck |
| primary function of - vagus | mixed to thorax and abdomen |
| primary function of - accessory | motor to neck and upper back |
| primary function of - hypoglossal | motor tongue movements |
| what do ascending tracts do | carry sensory information from sensory receptors towards the CNS |
| what do descending tracts do | convey motor commands from CNS to effectors (nerves in PNS, muscles, glands) |
| where does somatic spinal nerves distribute to | skeletal |
| where does visceral spinal nerves distribute to | smooth and cardiac |
| what are called horns | gray areas |
| what are the sectional organization of spinal cord | posterior gray horn, lateral gray horn, and anterior gray horn |
| what does the posterior gray horn contain | somatic and visceral sensory |
| what are somatic sensory (posterior gray horn) | stimuli comes in dorsal root to these areas |
| what are visceral sensory (posterior gray horn) | stimuli comes in dorsal root to these areas |
| what does lateral gray horn contain | visceral autonomic (cardiac/smooth) motor |
| where does the (lateral gray horn) visceral autonomic motor go | goes out ventral root |
| what does the anterior gray horn contain | somatic (skeletal) motor, sensory inforamtion, and motor information/commands |
| where does somatic motor go (anterior gray horn) | goes out ventral root |
| what comes into spinal cord by dorsal root (anterior gray horn) | sensory information |
| what leaves spinal cord by ventral root (anterior gray horn) | motor information/commands |
| what are the parts of the neuron | soma, dentrites, axon, telodendriam motor end plate, and NMJ or NGJ |
| what is the soma | cell body of neuron which contains the nucleus |
| what is the dentrites | receive stimuli, send to "cell body" |
| what is the axon | stimuli goes from "cell body" to axon to telodendria |
| what is the telodendria | ends of axons that have synaptic bulbs/terminals |
| what is the motor end plate | section of muscle or gland that contains the receptors |
| what is the NMJ, NGJ | "neuro-muscular junction" or "neuro-glandular junction" location where the nerve and muscle/gland synapse (connect) |
| the synapse is part of the | nervous system |
| the synapse is | the site where neuron communicates with another cell |
| in synapse, communication is only what type of derection | one-directional |
| at every synapse what happens | two cells meet |
| the two cells that meet at the synapse are called | pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cell |
| what is pre-synaptic cell | has the synaptic terminal and sends a message |
| what is usually a pre-synaptic cell | a neuron |
| what is post-synaptic cell | receives the message |
| what is usually a post-synaptic cell | can be neuron or other types of cell such as muscle or gland |
| the communication between cells at synapse usually involves the release of chemicals called | neurotransmitters |
| in events at a cholingeric synapse; step one is | action potential arrives and depolarized the synaptic knob |
| in event at a cholingeric synapse; step two is | calcium ions enter cytoplasm of synaptic knob through calcium gates - ACH is released through exocytosis of vesicles |
| in event at a cholingeric synapse; step three is | ACH diffuses across synaptoc cleft and binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane |
| when: ACH diffuses across synaptoc cleft and binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane, what also happens | Sodium channels on post-synaptic surface are opened and sodium rushes into cell causing depolarization |
| when: ACH diffuses across synaptoc cleft and binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane, what also happens | ACH release from pre-synaptic cell ceases because calcium ions are removed from cytoplasm of synaptic knob |
| in event at a cholingeric synapse; step four is | depolarization of post-synaptic cell ends as ACH is broken down by ACHE or Synaptic knob reabsorbs acetylcholine from synaptic cleft and returns it to vesicles again. |
| in the ANS, what are the 2 visceral neurons that separat the CNS and effector (muscle/gland) | preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers |
| what does the preganglionic fibers do | they leave CNS and synapse on "postganglionic neurons" (PNS) |
| what does the postganglionic fiber (PNS) do | begin at a "ganglion" and carry singal to "target organ" (stomach) |
| what is the ganglion/ganglia | is a collection of "neuron cell bodies" |
| where is the ganglion/ganglia located | outside of the CNS |
| what are the 2 subdivisions of ANS | sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
| what is the sympathetic division | "kicks in" only during extertion, stress or emegency - fight or flight |
| where does the preganglionic neurons come out of | come out of the spinal cord between T1 & T2` |
| what are the three types of sympathetic ganglia | sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medullae |
| what are the other names for sympathetic chain ganglia | paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia |
| where is the sympathetic chain ganglia located | lies on both sides of vertebral column |
| what is sympathetic chain ganglia | neurons |
| what does the sympathetic chaing ganglia neurons control | effectors in body wall, thoracic cavity, head, and lobs |
| how many sets of sympathetic chain ganglia neurons | two sets of these |
| another name for collateral ganglia | preverterbral ganglia |
| where is the collateral ganglia located | lie anterior to "vertebralcolumn" |
| what is the collateral ganglia | innervate tissues in the abdominopelvic cavity |
| how many collateral ganglia and their name | 3, celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesentric ganglion |
| celiac ganglion | these innervate stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen |
| superior mesenteric ganglion | innervate small inestine and part of large inestine |
| inferior mesenteric ganglion | these innervate large intestine, kidney, bladder, and sex organs |
| andrenal medulla | innervate adrenal gland |
| when the adrenal gland is stimualted they | release neurotransmitters into blood - epinephrine (E or adrenakine), norepinephrine (NE) |
| the adrenal medulla has blank and how many | short "postganglionic fibers, and there are 2 sets |
| where does adrenal medulla release hormones and why | releases hormons into bloodstreams so effects last longer |
| what is known as fight or flight divison | sympathetic divsion |
| the sympathetic division, preganglionic neurons are located: | between T1 and L2 of spinal cord |
| in sympathetic division, which fibers are short and why | short because ganglion are close to spinal cord |
| in sympathetic division, which fibers are long | postganglionic fiber (except adrenal medulla) |
| in sympathetic responses, what increases | mental alertness, metabolic activity, respiration, heart rate and blood pressure, and sweat gland activity |
| in symapthetic responses, what decreases | digestive and urinary functions |
| in sympathetic responses, what is activated/used | activates/uses energy reserves |
| the parasympathetic division is | preganglions neurons |
| in parasympathetic division, where are preganglious neurons located | in the brain stem and sacral segments (S2-S4) |
| in parasympathetic divison, the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongate contain what | nuclei associated with "cranial nerves" 3,7, 9, and 10 - these are the preganglionic neurons |
| 75% of all parasympathetic outflow travels along what nerve | vegas (10) |
| in the parasympathetic division, in sacral segments theri nuclei lie where | in the lateral horns of S2-S4 |
| what is the parasympathetic division also called | rest and relaxation (digestion) division |
| parasympathetic divison : preganglionic neurons orginate where | origniate in brain stem and sacral segments of "spinal cord" |
| parasympathetic divison : preganglionic fibers - are short or long and why | are long because they snyapse with ganglia which are close/within target organ |
| parasympathetic divison: postganglionic fibers - are short or long and why | are short (if they exist) because they synapse with ganglia which are close/withing target organ |
| parasympathetic divison: preganglionic neurons are located | originate from "lateral gray horn" or "spinal cord" |
| in parasympathetic responses, they increase | secretion by salivary and digestive glands, blood flow of digestive tract, urinations and defaction |
| in parasympathetic responses, they decrease | metabolic rate, heart rate and blood pressure, |
| in parasympathetic responses, they contrsicts, causes, and secrets what | constricts: respiratory passageway, causes sexual arousal in both genders, and secretes hormones responsible for absorption of nutrients |
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