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Sci of Psych Terms
Science of Psychology Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who created the Electroencephalograph (EEG), what is its pros and cons? | Creator: Hans Berger Use: measure electrical activity generated by the brain Pros: Measure brain electrical activity directly High temporal resolution (short changes over time) Cons: Low Spatial Resolution (Unable to tell exactly where) |
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 3D reconstruction of many x-rays; locate lesions or tumors |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does.. | uses strong magnetic field to produce pictures of soft tissue High Spatial Resolution (MRI) Non-Invasive |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) does.. | maps the brain's white matter pathways—the fibers that connect different areas of the brain. Non-invasive |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) does... | measures the consumption of radioactive glucose-like molecules to find where neural firing is taking place |
| Neuroimaging includes what? What are its pros and cons? | Includes Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Pros:High Spatial Resolution (MRI) Cons: Low temporal resolution indirect measures of brain activity |
| Structural MRI | reveals brain anatomy (laying still, helpful to look at your resting state |
| Functional (fMRI) | reveals brain function by detecting changes in blood flow |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | applies strong and rapidly changing magnetic fields to surface of skull to enhance or interrupt brain function, stimulating nerve cells, eases depression and OCD |
| Magnetoencephalogography (MEG) | Measures tiny magnetic fields to detect electrical activity in the brain and nervous system |
| Dendrites | Receives input from other neurons |
| Axon | Sends messages to other neurons |
| Myelin Sheath | Insulates and speeds up nerve transmission |
| Glial Cells | Forms blood-brain barrier Respond to injury Clear debris Form myelin sheath (increasing comms. between neurons) Protects neurons |
| Sensory Neurons | Receive information from external world (touch, taste, smell) Transmits information |
| Motor Neurons | Produce movements both voluntary and involuntary Has long Axons |
| Interneurons | Serves as connectors between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system, make up a majority of our neurons. Exclusive to the central nervous system |
| Resting potential | At rest, the inside of the neuron has a slight negative electric charge relative to the outside of the neuron. |
| Action Potential. (REVIEW THIS DEF) | Resting potential lays at -70 Definition of resting potential (voltage0 Difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons’ cell membrane. Threshold- Membrane potential |
| Refractory Period | Time following an action potential during which a new acton potential cannot be initiated |
| Terminal Buttons | Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon Receptor sites (located on the opposite neuron) receive neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electrical signal |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites |
| Reuptake | Reabsorption of neurotransmitter by the terminal button Performed by the presynaptic neurons) |
| Pre-Synaptic Neurons | the neuron that sends the original message to another neuron |
| Acetylcholine (REVIEW DEF) | Muscle PNS Cortical CNS |
| Serotonic(REVIEW DEF) - | Affects Mood ,eating, aggression, sleep |
| Dopamine (REVIEW DEF) | Affects motor, function , reward |
| Endorphins (REVIEW DEF) | Pain reduction emotions |
| Norepinephrine (REVIEW DEF) | States of vigilance of awareness of of vigilance of awareness of danger |
| Agonists | Drugs that increase the action of neurotransmitters Can block reuptake of neurotransmitters Activate release of neurotransmitters |
| Antagonists | Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter |
| L-Dopa does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Increases production of dopamine and is an agonist |
| Amphetamines does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Stimulates release of norepinephrine and dopamine, but also blocks reuptake Agonists |
| Cocaine does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Agonist Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine (increase your heart rate) and serotonin Norepinephrine can increase your heart rate and blood pressure |
| Opioids does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Increase endorphins and decrease neurotransmitters involved in pain perception Agonists-- increase endorphins Antagonists-->decreases pain perception neurotransmitter Diminished brain sensitivity to increase in carbon dioxide, can cause suffocation |
| Prozac does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Blockers reuptake of serotonin (SSRIs) |
| Propranolol (Beta-Blocker) does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Obstruct receptor sites for norepinephrine, Decrease in norepinephrine = decrease heart rate Can be taken for anxiety Antagonists |
| Central nervous System is made up of what two parts? | Brain Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System includes what four other nervous systems? | Autonomic -->Parasympathetic -->Sympathetic and Somatic |
| Somatic nervous system is under what nervous system and what is its use? | It is included in the peripheral nervous system. It conveys information between CNS and body , Coordinates & controls movement, sensory and motor output, All conscious activity |
| Autonomic nervous system is under what nervous system and controls... and includes.. | Peripheral nervous system, it controls Involuntary Internal Organs Glands Also includes sympathetic nervous system |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Arousal Fight or flight Heart Rate Respiration Perspiration |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Calming Rest Digestion Slows heart rate |
| Spinal Reflexes is part of the what nervous system and does what? | Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions Behavior, doesn’t need input from the brain Part of the CNS (Central Nervous System) |
| Reflex Arc is part of the what nervous system and does what? | Neural Pathways that controls reflex actions Controls reflex in action Part of the CNS (Central Nervous System) |
| Midbrain includes what two parts? | Tectum,Tegmentum |
| Tectum | Orients into the environment Helps you move into environment in a coordinated way ((Ex. baby moves towards auditory stimulus) |
| Tegmentum | Responsible for movement and arousal |
| Hindbrain does what? Includes what? (REVIEW DEF) | Coordinates info into and out of the spinal cord , Includes the medulla, an extension of your spinal cord, pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation |
| Reticular Formation (DBL CHECK) | Regulates sleep, wakefulness and arousal |
| Pons | Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
| Medulla is an ___, what does it do? | an extension of your spinal cord Coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration |
| Cerebellum | Controls fine motor skills |
| Forebrain controls what? Includes what? | Controls complex cognitive, emotional sensory and motor functions, includes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex |
| Thalamus | Receives and transmits information from the senses to the cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior |
| Hippocampus | Critical for creating and integrating new memories |
| Amygdala (Uh-Mig-Duh-Luh) | Plays a role in emotional processes (Ex. Fear) |
| Basal Ganglia | Directs intentional movement A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movement Reward processing |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | Network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages (hormones) which influence a wide variety of basic functions (metabolism, growth, and sexual development) |
| Pineal Glad | Secretes melatonin, influences sleep/wake cycle part of the endocrine system |
| Thyroid gland | Regulate bodily functions like body temperature and heart rate part of the endocrine system |
| Adrenal glands | Adrenaline & Cortisol Regulates stress responses part of the endocrine system |
| Pancreas | Controls digestion part of the endocrine system |
| Ovary & Testicles | Produce estrogen Produce testosterone part of the endocrine system |
| Pituitary Gland | “Master gland”- release hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body part of the endocrine system |
| Left Hemisphere | Controls right side of your body Language is located here |
| Right hemisphere (REVIEW DEF) | Controls left side of your body |
| Sulcus fold looks like.. | ( trough U |
| Gyrus fold looks like.. | (Hill n) |
| Corpus callosum | Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across hemispheres |
| Cerebral Cortex contains the... | Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal Lobe, |
| Frontal Lobe is a____? Includes the____ cortex and the ___ cortex | specialized area for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgement, Organizes & oversees most mental function , Includes motor and prefrontal cortex |
| Motor Cortex controls ___ and is a part of which major cortex? | It controls body movement and is a part of the frontal cortex |
| The Central Sulcus does what? | Separates frontal lobe from rest of the cortex |
| Prefrontal cortex does what? Part of what major cortex? Is it fully developed? | Thinking, Planning, not fully developed until 26 Part of the frontal cortex |
| Broca’s Area, where is it located and what does it command? | (Production of Speech), located in the frontal lobe |
| Temporal Lobe | Hearing & Understanding language Autobiographical memory (episodic) Top of this lobe is the auditory cortex Wernicke’s Area (Comprehending Speech) |
| Wernicke’s Area (Comprehending Speech) | located in the temporal lobe |
| Lateral fissure separates what lobe from the rest of the brain? | Temporal Lobe |
| Occipital Lobe | Process visual information |
| Parietal Lobe (REVIEW DEF) | Processes information about touch and perception, location, Pain, Processes numbers Somatosensory Cortex is located here Association Areas: composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex |
| Electrical Signaling | Cells signal electrically by controlling how ions cross their membranes, changing the voltage across the cell membrane |
Created by:
Yzou