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Sci of Psych Terms
Science of Psychology Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who created the Electroencephalograph (EEG), what is its pros and cons? | Creator: Hans Berger Use: measure electrical activity generated by the brain Pros: Measure brain electrical activity directly High temporal resolution (short changes over time) Cons: Low Spatial Resolution (Unable to tell exactly where) |
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 3D reconstruction of many x-rays; locate lesions or tumors |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does.. | uses strong magnetic field to produce pictures of soft tissue High Spatial Resolution (MRI) Non-Invasive |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) does.. | measures the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules, which reveal where a white matter pathway goes. Non-invasive |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) does... | measures the consumption of radioactive glucose-like molecules to find where neural firing is taking place |
| Neuroimaging includes what? What are its pros and cons? | Includes Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Pros:High Spatial Resolution (MRI) Cons: Low temporal resolution indirect measures of brain activity |
| Structural MRI | reveals brain anatomy (laying still, helpful to look at your resting state |
| Functional (fMRI) | reveals brain function by detecting changes in blood flow |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | applies strong and rapidly changing magnetic fields to surface of skull to enhance or interrupt brain function, stimulating nerve cells, eases depression and OCD |
| Magnetoencephalogography (MEG) | Measures tiny magnetic fields to detect electrical activity in the brain and nervous system |
| Dendrites | Receives input from other neurons |
| Axon | Sends messages to other neurons |
| Myelin Sheath | Insulates and speeds up nerve transmission |
| Glial Cells | Forms blood-brain barrier Respond to injury Clear debris Form myelin sheath (increasing comms. between neurons) Protects neurons |
| Sensory Neurons | Receive information from external world (touch, taste, smell) Transmits information |
| Motor Neurons | Produce movements both voluntary and involuntary Has long Axons |
| Interneurons | Serves as connectors between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system, make up a majority of our neurons. Exclusive to the central nervous system |
| Resting potential | At rest, the inside of the neuron has a slight negative electric charge relative to the outside of the neuron. |
| Refractory Period | Time following an action potential during which a new acton potential cannot be initiated |
| Terminal Buttons | Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon Receptor sites (located on the opposite neuron) receive neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electrical signal |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites |
| Reuptake | Reabsorption of neurotransmitter by the terminal button Performed by the presynaptic neurons) |
| Pre-Synaptic Neurons | the neuron that sends the original message to another neuron |
| Acetylcholine (REVIEW DEF) | Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement. Involved in the Muscle PNS Cortical CNS (Cerebral Cortex) |
| Serotonin(REVIEW DEF) - | Affects Mood ,eating, aggression, sleep |
| Dopamine (REVIEW DEF) | Affects motor, function , reward |
| Endorphins (REVIEW DEF) | Pain reduction, regulates happy/calm emotions |
| Norepinephrine (REVIEW DEF) | Norepinephrine is involved in states of vigilance, or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment |
| Agonists | Drugs that increase the action of neurotransmitters Can block reuptake of neurotransmitters Activate release of neurotransmitters |
| Antagonists | Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter |
| L-Dopa does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Increases production of dopamine and is an agonist |
| Amphetamines does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Stimulates release of norepinephrine and dopamine, but also blocks reuptake Agonists |
| Cocaine does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Agonist Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine (increase your heart rate) and serotonin Norepinephrine can increase your heart rate and blood pressure |
| Opioids does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Increase endorphins and decrease neurotransmitters involved in pain perception Agonists-- increase endorphins Antagonists-->decreases pain perception neurotransmitter Diminished brain sensitivity to increase in carbon dioxide, can cause suffocation |
| Prozac does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Blockers reuptake of serotonin (SSRIs) |
| Propranolol (Beta-Blocker) does what? Is it an Agonist or Antagonist? | Obstruct receptor sites for norepinephrine, Decrease in norepinephrine = decrease heart rate Can be taken for anxiety Antagonists |
| Central nervous System is made up of what two parts? | Brain Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System includes what four other nervous systems? | Autonomic -->Parasympathetic -->Sympathetic and Somatic |
| Somatic nervous system is under what nervous system and what is its use? | It is included in the peripheral nervous system. It conveys information between CNS and body , Coordinates & controls movement, sensory and motor output, All conscious activity |
| Autonomic nervous system is under what nervous system and controls... and includes.. | Peripheral nervous system, it communicates with internal organs and glands . Also includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Arousal Fight or flight Heart Rate Respiration Perspiration |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Calming Rest Digestion Slows heart rate |
| Spinal Reflexes is part of the what nervous system and does what? | Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions Behavior, doesn’t need input from the brain Part of the CNS (Central Nervous System) |
| Reflex Arc is part of the what nervous system and does what? | Neural Pathways that controls reflex actions Controls reflex in action Part of the CNS (Central Nervous System) |
| Midbrain includes what two parts? | Tectum,Tegmentum |
| Tectum | Orients into the environment Helps you move into environment in a coordinated way ((Ex. baby moves towards auditory stimulus) |
| Tegmentum | Responsible for movement and arousal |
| Hindbrain does what? Includes what? (REVIEW DEF) | Coordinates info into and out of the spinal cord , Includes the medulla, an extension of your spinal cord, pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation |
| Reticular Formation (DBL CHECK) | Regulates sleep, wakefulness and arousal |
| Pons | Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
| Medulla is an ___, what does it do? | an extension of your spinal cord Coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration |
| Cerebellum | Controls fine motor skills, balance, and coordination (ie. walking a trip wire) |
| Forebrain controls what? Includes what? | Controls complex cognitive, emotional sensory and motor functions, located under the Cerebral Cortex and includes subcortical structures like the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, |
| Thalamus | Receives and transmits information from the senses to the cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior |
| Hippocampus | Critical for creating and integrating new memories |
| Amygdala (Uh-Mig-Duh-Luh) plays a role in? | Plays a role in emotional processes (Ex. Fear) |
| Basal Ganglia | A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movement and reward processing |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | Network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages (hormones) which influence a wide variety of basic functions (metabolism, growth, and sexual development) |
| Thyroid gland regulates? | Regulates bodily functions such as body temperature and heart rate; the adrenals, the pancreas, and the pineal |
| Adrenal glands | Adrenaline & Cortisol Regulates stress responses part of the endocrine system |
| Pancreas | Controls digestion part of the endocrine system |
| Ovary & Testicles | Produce estrogen Produce testosterone part of the endocrine system |
| Pituitary Gland | “Master gland”- release hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body --> part of the endocrine system |
| Left Hemisphere | Controls right side of your body Language is located here |
| Right hemisphere (REVIEW DEF) | Controls left side of your body |
| Sulcus fold looks like.. | ( trough U |
| Gyrus fold looks like.. | (Hill n) |
| Corpus callosum | Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across hemispheres |
| Cerebral Cortex contains the... | Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal Lobe, |
| Frontal Lobe is a specialized area for what? What does it organize and oversee? Includes the____ cortex and the ___ cortex | specialized area for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgement, Organizes & oversees most mental function , Includes motor and prefrontal cortex |
| Motor Cortex controls ___ and is a part of which major cortex? | It controls voluntary body movement and is a part of the frontal cortex |
| The Central Sulcus does what? | Separates frontal lobe from rest of the cortex |
| Prefrontal cortex does what? Part of what major cortex? Is it fully developed? | Thinking, Planning, not fully developed until 26 Part of the frontal cortex |
| Broca’s Area, where is it located and what does it command? | (Production of Speech), located in the frontal lobe |
| Temporal Lobe | Hearing & Understanding language Autobiographical memory (episodic) Top of this lobe is the auditory cortex Wernicke’s Area (Comprehending Speech) |
| Wernicke’s Area (Comprehending Speech) | located in the temporal lobe |
| Lateral fissure separates what lobe from the rest of the brain? | Temporal Lobe |
| Occipital Lobe | Process visual information |
| Parietal Lobe (REVIEW DEF) | Processes information about touch and perception, location, Pain, Processes numbers Somatosensory Cortex is located here Association Areas: composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex |
| Electrical Signaling | Cells signal electrically by controlling how ions cross their membranes, changing the voltage across the cell membrane |
| Chromosomes are what? How do you inherit it from your parents? | Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration Inherits one of each pair from your parents (Half & Half, Ex. one x and one y) Female (XX) Male (XY) |
| Genes are a major unit of what? | Major unit of hereditary transmission |
| Behavioral Genetics have which three types of studies? | Family Studies, Twin Studies, Adoption studies |
| Family Studies consist of what? | Examine extent to which a trait runs in families raised in the same home |
| Twin studies consist of what? What does it do? | Compares monozygotic (MZ or identical) twins and dizygotic (DZ or fraternal) twins |
| Adoption Studies consist of what? What does it do? | Examines the extent to which adopted children resemble their adoptive vs. biological families |
| What do epigenetics aim to examine? | Examines how environmental influences affect the expression of genes |
| What are Epigenetic Marks? | Chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off |
| What does DNA Methylation do? How do they do it? | Adds a methyl group to DNA, switching off methylated gene |
| What is Heritability a measure of? What are its cons (ie. What does it not tell you). What is it highly dependent on? | Measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors Population level concept, does not tell you specifically which traits Highly dependent on environment |
| What is Histone Modification? What do they do? How does it happen? | Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging/organizing DNA (Can turn genes on OR off) |
| Perception is what? | Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a representation |
| Sensation is what? | Simple stimulation of a sense organ |
| Transduction is a process that...? | Process whereby sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the CNS |
| Sense receptors are what kind of cells? | Specialized cells responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
| Sensory adaptation is a process that...? | Process whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current (unchanging) conditions (Ex. First spray of perfume is stronger, the scent weakens --> sensory adaptation and our brain does not register it) |
| Absolute threshold is what? | Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials Ex. Lowest level of stimulation for you to be able to detect it |
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | Minimal change in a stimulus (e.g. its loudness or brightness that can be barely detected) |
| Weber’s law states.. | For every sense domain the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable a constant proportion despite variation in intensities The larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected. |
| Signal Detection Theory | Response to a stimulus depends both on a persons; sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's decision criterion (Physiological and psychological state) |
| Sclera is the what part of your eye? | White part of the eye |
| Iris is what part of your eye? | muscle that controls the size of the pupil (black part of your eye) Controls how much light comes into your eye, |
| Cornea What does it do? | Covers the pupil and is curved, focuses light into the PUPIL |
| Lens What does it do? | Changes curvature to help with focus into the RETINA |
| Retina is what? What does it do? | Light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball Responsible for converting light into neural activity |
| Accomodation is a process where? | Process whereby the eye maintains a clear image on the retina |
| (Myopia) is also called what? What happens when you have it? | Nearsightedness, Light is focused in front of the retina |
| (Hyperopia) is also called what? What happens when you have it? | Farsightedness , Light is focused behind the retina |
| Fovea | Area of the retina where vision is clearest and there are no rods at all |
| Cones | Allows use to see in colors Allows use to focus in on fine detail Operates under normal daylight conditions |
| Rods | Allows us to see in low levels of light Night vision Long, narrow and ample |
| Area V1 (Primary Visual Cortex) is which lobe? What part? | Part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex |
| Optic Nerve does what? | Sends messages from retina to the rest of the brain |
| Blind Spot is what? | a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina |
| Wavelengths | Shortest wavelength is seen as deep purple→blue→green→yellow etc. into the longest: red. |
| Color mixing | Mixture of varying amounts of primary colors in light, results in any other color |
| Color Blindness | Inability to see all colors |
| What is the correct order of the following: Retina, Optic Nerve, Light What comes after? What happens to the information? | Light → Retina →Optic nerve Signals reach primary visual cortex (V1) Information flows into two major streams: |
| Ventral Pathways are what kind of pathways? What do they do? Where are they located? | What” pathways Object identity: color, shape, (temporal lobe) |
| Dorsal Pathway are what kind of pathways? What do they do? Where are they located? | “Where” Pathway Location, movement, spatial action (parietal lobe) |
| What happens when you have visual form agnosia? | Inability to recognize objects by sight |
| Parallel Processing is the brain's capacity to do what? | Brain's capacity to perform multiple activities at the same time |
| Binding Problem (REVIEW DEF) is what? | How the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features |
| Bottom-up Processing ↑ is what? | Building up whole stimulus from its parts. It is raw sensory input and you use what parts you see to make a whole |
| Top-Down processing ↓ is what? | Relying on beliefs and expectations How we view and interpret sensory information affects what we actually see |
| Perceptual Set (ReVIEW) | When our expectations influence our perceptions (i.e., top-down processing) |
| Perceptual Constancy (REVIEW) | Perceiving stimuli consistently across varied conditions (Ex. I can tell my friend apart even if they dye their hair and features change a bit) |
| Attention is what? | Active and conscious processing of particular information |
| Change Blindness is when people...? | When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene |
| Inattentional Blindness is a failure to... | A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention |
| Sounds Waves consist of ? | Changes in air pressure unfolding over time Pitch Lower Pitch → lower frequency Higher Pitch → higher frequency Humans hear between 20-2000 Hertz |
| Loudness is measured in what? Is it frequency or amplitude? | decibels and deals with amplitude. |
| Pinna does what? Is what part of the ear? | Funnels sound waves to the middle ear, is the outer ear |
| Middle Ear is called what? They are the three ___ bones in your body. What do they do? | 3 smallest bones in the body Transmits vibrations in ear Called (ossicles) |
| Inner Ear is also called the....? What do they consist of? What do they do? | (cochlea), Basilar Membrane Sound is converted to neural impulses |
| Inner hair cells are specialized..? | Specialized auditory receptor neurons |
| Put the following in chronological order: Cochlea, Auditory Nerve, Sound Waves. Where do the signals reach? Information flows along how many major streams? | Sound Waves → Cochlea →Auditory nerve Signals reach primary auditory cortex (A1) Information flows along two major streams |
| Ventral Pathway (auditory) does what? | “What” pathway Sound identity & meaning |
| Dorsal pathway (auditory) does what? | “Where” pathway sound location & sensorimotor mapping (Ex. Hear something drop→ we look to that sound) |
| McBurk Effect is when..? | Brain interprets visual input to change your auditory perception (Fa→Ba) |
| Conductive Hearing Loss happens when what two parts malfunction? | Malfunctioning of the ear especially the eardrum or ossicles |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss happens which part of the ear is damaged? | Deafness to due damage of the cochlea, hair cells, or the auditory nerve. |
| Noise induced Hearing Loss is caused by...? | Damaged hair cells due to repeated loud noises |
| Haptic Perception is what? | Active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands |
| Tactile Receptive Field consists of what, that does what? What does each receptor have? What do the special cells do? | Small patch of skin that relates information about pain, pressure, texture, pattern or vibration to a receptor Each receptor has a tactile receptive field, Special cells transduce external information into neuro activity |
| Referred Pain is what feeling of pain? (Review) | sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord. You feel pain in one place but the pain actually originates from somewhere else |
| Gate Control Theory states..? | Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from the skin or brain |
| What are signals that can open pain gates? (Gate Control Theory) | Strong injury signals (pointing out injury, stress,) |
| What are signals that can close pain gates? (Gate Control Theory) | Pressure or touch in other places, endorphins, distracted, relaxed state |
| Proprioception is a sense of..? (review) | Sense of bodily position |
| Vestibular System is what? What does it do? (Review) | 3 fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs next to the cochlea (inner ear) -->helps you maintain your sense of balance (Drunk or disoriented means your vestibular system is off) |
| What is the process of olfaction? | Odor → olfactory receptors → olfactory bulb Signals reach primary olfactory cortex |
| What are the five, possibly six tastes? | Salty Sweet, Bitter Sour Umami Fatty |
| Empiricism | Conviction that accurate knowledge of the world can be acquired by observing it |
| Scientific Method | Procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts |
| Theories | Explanations of natural phenomena |
| Hypothesis | Falsifiable prediction made by theory |
| Naturalistic Observation | Watching behavior in a real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation. Inability to draw cause-and-effect conclusions High EXTERNAL VALIDITY Low INTERNAL VALIDITY |
| Self-Report Measures & Surveys | Self Report: Assess characteristics Surveys: Measure opinions and attitudes Measures that ask people about themselves and others Pros: easier to Measure, Low Costs Cons: response sets (answers based on personal bias), halo and horn effect |
| Experimental Design | - More able to make cause-and-effect inferences |
| Random Selection | every member of a target population has an equal chance of being chosen for a study |
| Reliability | a detector’s ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property. |
| Construct Validity | The degree to which the operational definition adequately describes the important features of the phenomenon being studied. |
| Random Assignment | a procedure that assigns participants to conditions by chance. |
| Variable Manipulation | is the degree to which the operational definition adequately describes the important features of the phenomenon being studied. ( independent variable is the factor being manipulated) |
| Negative Correlation | A negative correlation exists when two variables have a “more-is-less” relationship. If we said that less sleep is associated with more colds caught , we would be describing a negative correlation. |
| Positive Correlation | A positive correlation exists when two variables have a “more-is-more” relationship. When we say that more sleep is associated with more presidents recalled , we are describing a positive correlation. |
| Cell Membrane | semipermeable membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell |
| Cell Body (Soma) | component of the neuron that coordinates the information- processing tasks and keeps the cell alive Sends messages to other neurons |
| Glutamate is what type of neurotransmitter? | Excitatory |
| GABA is a what kind of neurotransmitter? | Inhibitory |
| Endorphins deals with..? | Deals with pain reduction and emotions |
| Pineal Gland secretes..? | melatonin, influences sleep/wake cycle --> part of the endocrine system |
| Demand Characteristics | Being biased by the observational setting, participants pick up cues in the experiment and act how they think the experimenter wants them to act. |
| Operational Definition | A description of a property in measurable terms |
| Case Study | Examine one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period Pros; Proof of Existence, Rare ohenomenon Cons: Anecdotal Can't infer causation |
| Experimenter Expectancy Effect | Researcher’s hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias study outcome Researchers should be blind to condition (double-blind) |
| natural correlation | is a correlation that is observed in the natural world , can tell us whether two variables have a relationship, it cannot tell us whether they have a causal relationship. |
Created by:
Yzou