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Biology 2 - C01 - 07

🧬⚡BIO02 Module 1 — 45 Question Mock Exam — 07

QuestionAnswer
What is recombinant DNA? DNA formed by combining genetic material from two different sources.
What enzyme cuts DNA at specific sequences? Restriction enzymes.
What are restriction sites? Specific DNA sequences recognized and cut by restriction enzymes.
What is the difference between sticky ends and blunt ends? Sticky ends have overhangs; blunt ends have straight cuts.
Why must plasmid and gene be cut with the same restriction enzyme? To produce matching ends that can join together.
What enzyme seals foreign DNA into the plasmid? DNA ligase.
What is a plasmid vector? Circular DNA molecule used to carry foreign DNA into bacteria.
What features make plasmids useful? Origin of replication, selectable markers, multiple cloning site.
What is transformation? Introducing recombinant plasmids into bacteria.
How do scientists identify bacteria with plasmids? Antibiotic selection.
What is antibiotic resistance used for? Selecting bacteria that contain the plasmid.
What is a selectable marker? A gene (often antibiotic resistance) that indicates plasmid uptake.
What is a reporter gene? A gene producing a visible signal (e.g., GFP) to confirm insertion.
What is a multiple cloning site (MCS)? Region with many restriction sites for inserting DNA.
What is the goal of making recombinant DNA? To express, study, or modify a specific gene.
What is the main purpose of PCR? To amplify a specific DNA sequence.
What are the three steps of PCR? Denaturation, Annealing, Extension.
What happens during denaturation? DNA strands separate at high temperature.
What happens during annealing? Primers bind to complementary sequences.
What happens during extension? Taq polymerase builds new DNA strands.
Why is Taq polymerase used? It is heat‑stable.
What are primers? Short DNA sequences that start DNA synthesis.
What is a thermal cycler? Machine that changes temperatures for PCR cycles.
How many DNA copies after 30 cycles? Over a billion (2^30).
Why is PCR exponential? Each new strand becomes a template.
What are dNTPs? Nucleotides used to build new DNA strands.
What determines PCR specificity? Primer sequence and annealing temperature.
How does PCR help in DNA fingerprinting? It amplifies STR regions for comparison.
What are STRs? Short tandem repeats used for identification.
How does PCR help in paternity testing? It amplifies genetic markers inherited from parents.
How is PCR used in disease detection? It amplifies pathogen DNA or RNA.
Why is PCR useful with tiny samples? It can amplify even a single molecule.
How does PCR identify mutations? It amplifies the region containing the mutation.
How is PCR used in evolutionary studies? It amplifies DNA for species/population comparison.
Why is PCR useful for ancient DNA? It amplifies small surviving fragments.
What is genome editing? Direct modification of an organism’s DNA sequence.
What does CRISPR stand for? Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
What is the function of guide RNA? Directs Cas9 to the target DNA sequence.
What does Cas9 do? Cuts DNA at a specific location.
What happens after Cas9 cuts DNA? The cell repairs the break.
What is NHEJ? Error‑prone repair that creates mutations (gene knockout).
What is HDR? Precise repair using a template (gene correction/insertion).
What is a gene knockout? Disabling a gene by introducing mutations.
What is a gene insertion or correction? Adding or fixing DNA using HDR.
Give one real‑world application of CRISPR. Examples: treating genetic diseases, modifying crops, studying gene function.
 

 



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