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Chapter 3
3.3 Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Cycle | An orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the two cells resulting from that first cell division also divide |
| Daughter Cell | Two cells that are the offspring of a cell division |
| Growth Factors | External signals received at the plasma membrane that cause a resting cell to undergo the cell cycle |
| Restriction Checkpoint | Any cell that did not successfully complete mitosis and is abnormal Undergoes apoptosis |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| Interphase | the longest phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells, during which the cell prepares for division. It consists of three sub-phases: G1, G2, and S phase |
| Mitotic Stage | |
| G1 Phase | G=Growth Cells return to their normal, pre-miotic condition Cell performs all the "tasks" |
| S Phase | S=Synthesis DNA Replication occurs |
| Chromatid | Chromosome that is composed of one DNA double helix |
| Sister Chromatids | End of Chromatid phase 2 identical DNA Double helix molecules |
| G2 Phase | G=Growth Cell synthesizes proteins that assist in cell division Cell completes replication of the centrioles |
| Replication | Exact copies of DNA helix |
| Transcription | Shorter copies of DNA helix DNA unwinds and unzips |
| Translation | Set of directions for DNA helix Requires several enzymes and all 3 types of RNA |
| How to replicate DNA First Step | Two strands that make up the original DNA Molecule are Hydrogen bonded to each other |
| How to replicate DNA 2nd Step | During replication, the original (parent) DNA strands unwind, then the weak hydrogen bonds break and the molecule "unzips" |
| How to replicate DNA 3rd step | New complementary nucleotides, pare with the nucleotides on the separated Parent strands |
| What is "A" on the 3rd step of DNA replication? | Adenine pairs with T and C |
| What is "T" on the 3rd step of DNA replication? | Thymine |
| What is "C" on the 3rd step of DNA replication? | Cytosine |
| What is "G" on the 3rd step of DNA replication? | Guanine |
| DNA polymerase is | an enzyme that joins the ne nucleotides in the 3rd step of DNA replication "Daughter strands" |
| How to replicate DNA 4th step | When completed, two resulting ladder DNA molecules are identical, formed from one parent strand and one daughter strand. Ladders are coiled to form double helix molecules |
| Centromere | Where the duplicate chromosomes are held together |
| What are the 3 forms of RNA? What is it called? | 1. Messenger 2. Ribosomal 3. Transfer Called "Protein factory" |
| What is mRNA? | Messenger RNA |
| What does mRNA contain? | the instructions for assembling the protein Determines amino acid and sequence |
| Condon | mRNA triplet |
| Ribosomal RNA rRNA | Combines w/protein molecules to form a ribosome Composed of two subunits that nest together over mRNA |
| Transfer RNA tRNA | Molecules that serve as "delivery trucks" Bringing the correct amino acid |
| Anticodon | A group of 3 bases that is complementary to a mRNA codon |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus 4 phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm |
| Parental Cell | Cell that divides |
| Centrosome | Structure located near the nucleus |
| Prophase | The initial stage of Mitosis Cells about to divide |
| Spindle Fibers | Long, thread like structures appearing between the separating centrosomes |
| Mitotic Spindles | Formed at the end stage of Prophase |
| Poles | Formed by a centrosome End of the Mitotic Spindle |
| Asters | Short microtubule bundles |
| Metaphase | The nuclear envelope is fragmented, and the completed mitotic spindle occupies where the nucleus was |
| Anaphase | Movement of chromosomes toward each cell/opposite side of the cell The sister chromatids separate Ensures that each cell receives a copy of each chromosome and a complete gene set after completing mitosis |
| Telophase | Begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles Chromosomes become indistinct chromatin again Characterized by the presence of two distinct and separate daughter nuclei |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm and organelles |
| Cleavage Furrow | indentation that appears in a cell’s surface when the cell is preparing to divide |
| Mitosis process phases | PMAT P - Preparation (Prophase) M- Meet in the middle (Metaphase) A- Apart (Anaphase) T - Twins (Telophase) |
| Meiosis | Process for producing gametes (sex cells) Stages of mitosis is repeated 2 times |
Created by:
JamieS1982