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Camber EES 3.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Water | ): A polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, capable of forming hydrogen bonds. |
| Polarity | An uneven distribution of charges across a molecule, where the oxygen end is slightly negative and hydrogen ends are slightly positive, allowing water to attract other molecules. |
| Cohesion | The attraction between molecules of the same substance; in water, this is due to hydrogen bonding, causing water to stick to itself. |
| Adhesion | The attraction between molecules of different substances; water’s ability to cling to other surfaces. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; created by cohesion. |
| Capillary Action | The movement of water within narrow spaces (like plant stems or thin tubes) powered by the combined forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. |
| Universal Solvent | A term describing water's ability to dissolve a wide range of ionic and polar substances due to its polarity. |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance, which is high for water, leading to temperature stability. |
| Density | Water is unique because it is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid, causing ice to float. |
| Solid | The state of water (ice) where molecules are arranged |
| Liquid | The state of water at moderate temperatures where molecules are close together but free to move. |
| Gas | The state of water where molecules have high energy and are spread far apart. |
| Freeze | The phase change process where liquid water turns into solid ice. |
| Dissolve | The process where a solute breaks down into smaller particles and mixes evenly within a solvent. |
| Solution: | A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution (e.g., salt). |
| Solvent: | The substance that does the dissolving (e.g., water). |
| Homogeneous Solution: | A mixture with a uniform composition and properties throughout (e.g., salt dissolved in water). |
| Heterogeneous Solution (Mixture): | A mixture with a non-uniform composition, where different components can be distinguished (e.g., sand in water). |
| Examples of Homogeneous Solutions | Saltwater, coffee, alcohol in water, tea, air, brass. |
| Examples of Heterogeneous Solutions | Oil and water, sand in water, blood, salad, concrete, fog, vegetable soup |
| Property | A characteristic of a substance, such as the cohesion or adhesion of water. |
| Transfer/Energy | The movement of heat, for example, water absorbs heat to evaporate and releases it when condensing, regulating climate. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth, containing water vapor in the water cycle. |
| Hydrosphere | All the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes, seas, and clouds. |
| Climate | The long-term pattern of weather in an area, moderated by water's high specific heat. |
| Convection | The transfer of heat by the movement of currents within a fluid (liquid or gas). |
| Water Cycle | The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. |
| Kelvin Scale/Absolute Scale | A temperature scale where 0 K represents absolute zero, the point at which all molecular motion stops. |
| Example of Cohesion | Water forming spherical droplets. |
| Example of Adhesion | Water droplets sticking to a windowpane, or water wetting a surface. |
| Example of Surface Tension | : A water strider insect walking on water, or a needle floating on water. |
| Example of Capillary Action | Water climbing up a paper towel, or water moving from roots to leaves in plants. |
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