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AP II Sensory Recept
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Eyeball layers | Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, & Neural tunic |
| Fibrous tunic | outermost eyeball layer |
| Fibrous tunic | Sclera & Cornea |
| Sclera | white part of eye |
| Cornea | transparent fibrous CT layer; covers iris & pupil |
| Cornea | allow light inside; regeneration & refraction |
| Sclera | continuous w/ dura mater (meninges) of the brain; for shape and protection |
| Vascular tunic | Choroid, Ciliary body, iris, & suspensory ligaments |
| Choroid | highly vascular CT blood supply (oxygen & nutrients) and just underneath the sclera; allow blood vessels for retina (photoreceptors are high-energy cells) |
| Ciliary body | a muscular structure that allow to focus light in back of the eye & holds/control lens (allow lens to change shape) |
| Iris | colored part of eye and is between cornea and lens |
| Iris | part of the choroid that extends over the lens; group of muscles that open/close pupil |
| Suspensory ligaments | hold lens in place and in front of ciliary body |
| Suspensory ligaments | allow lens to stretch/pull to focus light on the retina |
| Ciliary body | surrounds the lens |
| Pupil | between 2 sides of the iris; the window for the light |
| Iris & Pupil | light regulation |
| Lens | change shape to allow light to focus on the retina |
| Cataracts | lens opacities (light can't pass in); due to genetics and substances; treatment: surgery replacement |
| Color blindness | missing more than 1 cone color pigments; X-linked (more common in male) |
| Eyebrow | prevent sweat & other particles from eye |
| Eyelid | protect from abrasions |
| Conjunctiva | transparent mucous membrane located of the inner surface of each; connect eyelids to eyeball |
| Lacrimal apparatus | produce tears |
| Superior rectus | move eye up (oculomotor nerve III); move eyes toward the contracting muscle |
| Inferior rectus | move eye down (oculomotor nerve III); move eyes towards the contracting muscle |
| superior oblique | move eye medially and down (trochlear nerve IV) |
| inferior oblique | move eye laterally and up (oculomotor nerve III) |
| lateral rectus | move by abducens nerve VI |
| medial rectus | move by oculomotor nerve III |
| Fovea Centralis | Area of high/ sharp vision; high # of cones |
| Optic disc | Where optic nerve exits the eye; no rods/ cones - |
| Light Pathway | Cornea → aqueous humor→ lens→ vitreous humor →retina neural layer→ pigmented layer; stimulate rods & cones |
| Neural layer | Where light ends |
| Signal pathway (ap) | Rods/cones→ bipolar cells →ganglioncells→optic nerve→ vision center |
| Light Refraction places | entering cornea; entering lens; leaving lens |
| Diplopia “lazy eye" | Double vision; eyeball don't sync w/ one another |
| Myopia (nearsightedness) | Lens focal point: in front of retina; corrected with a concave lens |
| Hyperopia (farsightedness) | Lens S focal point:behindretinajcorrected w/ convex lens |
| Anterior segment | Between lens & cornea; filled wl aqueous humor (regenerates) |
| Anterior chamber | Between cornea and iris |
| Posterior chamber | Between iris and lens |
| Astigmatism | (related to field of vision) Unequally curvatures in diff parts of cornea/lens; corrected with A cylindrically ground lenses/laser procedures |
| Vision check | Shellen chart |
| Sensory structural classifications | Free Nerve & Encapsulated ending, and specialized receptor cell |
| Free Nerve Ending | w/ dendrites embedded in tissue to sense; ex: root hair plexus |
| Encapsulated Ending | made in CT and in a capsule to enhance sensitivity; ex: tactile corpuscle |
| Specialized receptor cell | made distinctly to interpret a specific type of stimulus; ex: responding to light/chemicals |
| Sensory location classifications | Exteroceptor, Interceptors (visceroceptors), & Proprioceptors |
| Exteroceptor | near a stimulus externally; ex: skin & hearing/light waves |
| Interceptor (visceroceptor) | internal organs & tissues; ex: + in BP, B.S., & O2 |
| Propioceptors | near a moving body part; ex: joints/ muscle |
| # of Sensory functional/stimulus | 6 |
| Mechanoreceptor | detect physical stimuli; ex: pressure, vibration, & touches |
| Thermoreceptor | temp |
| Photoreceptor | Rods & Cones (convert light into AP) |
| Chemoreceptors | interpret chemical stimuli; ex: taste buds |
| Nociceptors | interprets pain |
| Osmoreceptors | respond to solute concentrations of body fluids; ex: H20 |
| Neural tunic | Retina |
| Neural tunic | contain nervous tissue for photoreception |
| Retina | Pigment & Neural layer |
| Bipolar cells | shuttle the signal/AP from R&C to ganglion cells |
| Ganglion cells | transport AP to optic nerve |
| Fovea centralis | center of retina (contains cones only); sharpness of vision |
| Superior oblique | turns eye medially and down |
| Inferior oblique | turns eye laterally and up |
| Pigmented cells | absorb light |
| Bipolar cells location | nose and eye |
| Photoreceptor | stimulated by light to generate AP |
| Sensory receptor | cells/ structures that detect sensations |
| sensation | level of activation of sensory receptor @ the level of the stimulus |
| Perception | central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern |
| Rods | more sensitive to light (need only small #) |
| Rhodopsin pigment | light sensitive that switches its form depending # of light |
| Form A Rhodopsin | accumulates in dark/dim light |
| Form B Rhodopsin | collapses in bright light |
| AP signal | switch from Form A to Form B rhodopsin |
| Rods in the Dark to Light | active; rhodopsin accumulates & collapses @ the same time; always transitioning (so that we will always be able to see) -> inactive; Rhodopsin collapse due to bright light |
| Cones in the Dark | inactive; rhodopsin accumulates -> active; Rhodopsin collapse (all suddenly stimulate & send million of AP at once sending white flash and eye hurt); transition starts again |
| Rods in the light to dark | inactive; Rhodopsin collapsed/broken down (form b) -> active; rhodopsin switch to form A then breakdown to release AP (build up of Rhodopsin takes time (no AP, darkness/ no viion) |
| Cones in the light to dark | active; Rhodopsin is in transitioning -> inactive; no more AP & Rhodopsin will accumulate |
| Stapes | lay against temporal bone |
| Oval window | thinner area of temporal bone against stapes |
| Oval window | allow vibrations to reach inner ear |
| tympanic membrane | made of Fibrous CT; convert sound waves into vibrations |
| Vibration transmission | Auricle (pinna) -> Ear canal -> Ossicles -> Oval window |
| Form of balance | cerebellum, vestibule, semicircular ducts, & visual cues |
| Extraocular muscles | enable eye to move in different direction |
| Ear | elastic cartilage |
| Outer and Middle Ear | for hearing |
| Inner Esr | for hearing and balance |
| Auricle (pinna) | elastic cartilage w/ several projections & grooves |
| Auricle (pinna) | collect & direct sound waves into auditory canal |
| Ear canal (External acoustic meatus/ auditory canal) | short tunnel w/ hairs & contains special apocrine, sebaceous, & ceruminous glands |
| Ear canal (External acoustic meatus/ auditory canal) | transit sound waves to eardrum |
| Ossicles | amplify vibrations (by making them into smaller areas) |
| Eustachian tube | opens to the throat |
| Eustachian tube | equalize the air pressure on the inner side of tympanic membrane |
| Perilymph fluid | forms the membranous labyrinth in the internal ear |
| Vestibule | its nerve connect to the brain |
| Vibrations transmission in the inner ear | Oval window, Scala vestibuli, Scala tympani, & round window |
| round window | absorb vibration (sponge-like) |
| Organ of corti | in the Scala media/ cochlear duct; hair-like cells that convert vibrations into AP |
| Tectorial membrane | touches the hairs/ organ of corgi |
| Basilar membrane | made of fiber; detect high pitch sounds |
| Basilar membrane | its shape's purpose is to respond to vibrations from smaller end (high frequency) to bigger end (lower frequency) |
| Cochlea's apex | wider and more flexible (for lower frequency) |
| Cochlea | bony labyrinth |
| Tonotopic organization | high to low frequency |
| Ciliary body | adjust tension on the suspensory ligaments (allow to focus light on retina) |
| Ampulla | contain sensory receptors for balance |
| Crista Ampullaris | @ the base of semicircular canals for rotational movement |
| visual pathway | optic nerve -> optic chiasma to split info from left and right |
| Diplopia “lazy eye" | treatment: cover the good (lazy eye works hard to strengthen the muscle; surgery (release tendons to restore its ability to move free) |
| concave | tunnel-like |
| convex | eye-shape |
| 20/50 | you need to see the object's ft away in comparison to what a healthy person can see at 50 ft away |
| Distant vision | sympathetic response = relaxation (only happens in eye) |
| Distant vision | suspensory ligaments tighten to stretch the ciliary muscles & lens |
| Close vision | Parasympathetic response |
| Close vision | Suspensory ligaments loosen which contracts the ciliary muscles and bulge the lens |
| Close vision | Iris constrict which limit peripheral view |
| Close vision | Eyeballs converge medially to maintain view of the object |
| Endocrine System Functions | reproduction, growth & development, maintenance (electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance of blood), regulation of cellular metabolism & energy balance, and mobilization of body defenses |
| Hormones | secretion of endocrine glands |
| Triggering a response | target cells must have a specific hormone + given hormone |
| Endocrine Gland stimuli (signal) | humoral, neural, & hormonal |
| Humoral stimuli | non-hormone chemical (signal will arrive to body fluid) |
| Humoral stimuli | changes in blood levels; release/inhibit hormone for homeostasis |
| Humoral stimuli | blood glucose regulation |
| Neural stimuli | Fight/flight response |
| Hormonal stimuli | hormone that came from another gland |
| Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) | extension of hypothalamus; doesn't produce hormones; hypothalamus stores & secretes |
| Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) | Oxytocin "OT" & Anti diuretic (ADH) |
| ADH | vasopressin: blood vessels (artery) constriction which raises BP |
| Oxytocin | stimulate uterine contractions & cervix dilations (+ feedback mechanism) |
| Oxytocin | hydration homeostasis (retain water in body by blocking urine) |
| ADH | inhibited by alcohol which leads to + urine production and dehydration |
| Diabetes insipidus | disease by ADH underproduction |
| Diabetes insipidus | false diabetes (not sugar related but urine related) |
| Thyroid Hormones | T3/T4 (Thymoglobin) and Calcitonin |
| Thyroid | protein synthesis & produce major metabolic hormones |
| T3/T4 | increase BMR |
| Calcitonin | decrease Ca++ (inhibit osteoclasts) |
| Hyperthyroidism | excessive iodine can increase thyroid production; result in Grave's disease |
| Hypothyroidism | result in myxedema in adults and cretinism in infant |
| Parathyroid gland hormone | humoral stimulus |
| Parathyroid gland hormone | increase Ca++ (promote osteoclasts); Ca++ will go to blood (+ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum) from bones |
| Zona Glomerulus hormones | Mineralcorticoids; ex: Aldosterone: fluid & electrolyte balance |
| Aldosterone | regulate Na+& K+ & promote Blood Pressure through osmosis of Na+ |
| Adrenal Medulla | sympathetic division of ANS |
| Adrenal Medulla | contains postganglionic neurons & release cathocholamines for fight/flight response |
| Zone Fasciculata Hormones | Glucocorticoids; ex: Cortisol: glucose metabolism |
| Cortisol | stress response & anti-inflammatory effects; + BMR |
| Crushing disease | hypersecretion of adrenal cortex |
| Addison disease | hyposecretion of adrenal cortex |
| Pancreas | produce alpha cells for glucose blood |
| Glycogenesis | liver breakdown of glycogen |
| Glucogenesis | liver turn amino acids to glucose |
| Lipolysis | breakdown of store triglycerides into 3 fatty acids and glycerol |
| Insulin | decrease BG by cellular uptake for glucose transporters; liver: glucose -> glycogen & adipose: glucose -> fat |
| Diabetes Mellitus | decrease # of insulin production lead to + BG |
| Glucagon | + production lead to + BG; liver: glycogen & amino acids in muscles -> glucose & adipose: fat -> sugar to liver |
| Type 2 DM | develop of declining receptor insulin sensitivity rather than decrease insulin production |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | more common in kids (genetic); rare/uncommon (5-10%) |
| Type 1 DM | can result from poor die, more common (80-90% of diabetic) |
| Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | hormones enter via bloods vessels w/in the infundibulum |
| Growth hormone | growth in muscles, bones, & nervous system |
| Growth hormone | promote protein synthesis and cellular replication |
| Growth hormone | anabolic process: glucose sparing effect |
| Glucose sparing effect | tells cells body when to use/stop using glucose via receptors |
| Glucose sparing effect | tells Muscle, Bones, & N.S. to use glucose; promote mitosis, protein synthesis, & tissue building |
| Growth Hromone | stimulate lipolysis (adipose tissue breakdown for protein) & release fatty acids (main energy source) into the blood |
| Gigantism | excessive gh in children |
| Acromegaly | excessive gh leading to bone growth on adults who have stopped growing |
| Pituitary dwarfism | lack of gh lead to growth impairment in children; failure to sexually mature |
| Tropic hormones | all anterior pituitary hormones but prolactin |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulate Adrenal gland to secrete corticosteroid hormone like cortisol |
| Gonadotropins | Follicle-Stimulating hormones & Luteinizing hormone |
| Follicle-stimulate Hormone | stimulate sex cells/gametes productions/maturations; promotes follicular growth - estrogen release |
| Thyroid gland | made of follicles |
| Luteinizing hormone | induce egg release/ ovulation; promote testosterones production |
| Prolactin | lactations |
| Goiter | enlarge thyroxine gland (not enough of iodine of T3 & Y4 efficiency) |
| TSH | promotion result from inhibition of T3 & T4 |
| Neonatal hypothyroidism | no active thyroxine |
| Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone system (RAAS) | liver always produce angiotensin, but when kidney release enzyme renin, it stimulate aldosterone secretion for kidneys to absorb Na+, and BP increase from osmosis & vasoconstriction |
| GH | convert glycogen to glucose which increase +BP |
| Stress response | promote BS, BV, nutrient uptake & storage, fluid & electrolyte balance, & inflammation |
| Adrenaline | short stress response |
| Cortisol | chronic & lingering response, ex: arthritis |
| Androgens | promote reproductive system growth b4 puberty & post menopause |
| Sex hormones | controlled by hypothalamus |
| Natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Heart hormone; decrease BP |
| Kidney hormones | Renin & Vit 3 |
| Vit 3 | in response to PTH, lower ca++ |
| Leptin | Adipose tissue hormone |
Created by:
FuirzH