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SPAUD 210 Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What systems of the body are used for Speech and hearing? | Respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, nervous, auditory |
| Speech Cycle | Speakers brain/nervous - speaker respiratory - speaker phonatory - speaker articulatory - sound waves - listener auditory - listener brain/nervous Goes in a cycle, listener speaks next |
| Anatomy | the study of the structures of an organism and relations of their parts |
| Applied anatomy | Applying anatomy to clinical purpose e.g. diagnosis and treatment |
| Descriptive anatomy | More like a bio class - describing individual parts of body with regard to the various systems |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the living organism and its parts |
| Anatomical position | Standing up and palms facing out |
| Ventral | toward belly |
| dorsal | toward backbone |
| anterior | toward front or face |
| Posterior | Toward back or away from face |
| Rostral | Toward face (usually use on brain) |
| Cranial | Toward head |
| Caudal | Toward tail |
| Superior | Above |
| Inferior | Below |
| Medial | Toward midline |
| Lateral | Toward side, away from the midline |
| Proximal | Toward body or point of attachment (limbs) |
| Distal | Away from body or point of attachment (limbs) |
| Flexion | Bringing two surfaces closer together (muscles) |
| Extension | Pulling two surfaces apart (muscles) |
| Superficial | Toward surface (in layered things) |
| Deep | Toward interior (in layered things) |
| External | Toward outer surface |
| Internal | Toward inner body cavities |
| Central | Toward center |
| Peripheral | Toward edges, away from center |
| Frontal or Coronal plane | Cutting body into front and back parts |
| Transverse plane | Cutting body into upper and lower parts |
| Sagittal plane | Cutting body into right and left parts (often halves) |
| False dichotomy of creation vs. evolution | People are either creationists or evolutionists |
| cytology | The study of the structure and function of cells cyt = cell |
| Lysosome | Breaking down/getting rid of stuff in cell |
| Cytoplasm | Fluid of cell |
| Ribosomes | Make proteins |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of cell/making energy |
| Cell membrane | Wall of cell that binds cell together Decides what gets through and what doesn't |
| nucleus | brain of cell - controls it |
| Nucleolus | Contains ribosomes |
| Tissue | A colony of cells which are similar in structure and function |
| Tissues are differentiated by... | Presence or absence of intercellular substance Characteristics of the intercellular substances The form/shape of the cell |
| Types of tissue | (Every child must nap) Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous |
| Epithelial tissue | Protective lining inside and outside |
| Connective tissue | Structure and supporting (e.g. bones and cartilage) Connect or bind structures together Support the body Few cells - lots of intercellular substance (matrix) |
| Muscular tissue | Contracts and moves - makes up muscles |
| Nervous tissue | Transmitting information... |
| Types of epithelial tissue | Shape: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layers: simple, stratified Cilia |
| Squamous | Flat shaped epithelial tissue |
| Cuboidal | Cube shaped epithelial tissue |
| Columnar | Column/rectangular shaped epithelial tissue |
| Simple | 1 layer epithelial tissue |
| Stratified | more than one layer epithelial tissue |
| Ceilia | Microscopic hairs |
| Pseudostratified | Looks like multiple layers but there really is only one - all touch down to basement membrane |
| Simple ciliated columnar is found where? | nasal cavity, larynx, trachea |
| Lining of trachea | Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium |
| Where to look to determine the shape of cell | top layer |
| 3 types of connective tissue | Loose Dense Special |
| Types of loose connective tissue | Areolar Adipose |
| Types of dense connective tissue | Tendons Ligaments Fascia |
| Types of special connective tissue | Cartilage Bone (blood) |
| Loose connective tissue | Pretty fluid |
| Dense connective tissue | Gel and pretty hard Many closely packed fibers White fibrous fibers - tougher Yellow elastic fibers - more bend |
| special connective tissue | Very hard Give body structure |
| Areolar tissue | All over the body Helps bind things together Very loose Irregular network of fibers |
| Adipose tissue | High concentration of fat cells Found in subcutaneous fascia (under skin) Looks like bubbles with nucleus pushed to the side |
| Tendon tissue | Tougher, non-elastic Associated with muscle Connect muscle to bone |
| Ligament tissue | Connect bone to bone, cartilage to cartilage, and bone to cartilage More elastic - yellow elastic fibers |
| Fascia tissue | Separate muscles into groups or bundles Subcutaneous fascia is a continuous sheet around the whole body |
| Chondrocytes | chondro = cartilage Cyt = cell Chondrocytes = Cartilage cells |
| Ossified | Cartilage that has become bone |
| Types of Cartilage tissue | Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage | Bluish and translucent Cover articular surfaces of joints (where they touch) On the framework of lower respiratory system - larynx, trachea, bronchi Poor blood supply - doesn't heal well Changes with age --> calcify (more bone like and brittle) |
| Elastic cartilage | Yellow and opaque Lots of elastic fibers Not as hard Found in ear, ear canal, epiglottis, Eustachian tube |
| Fibrocartilage | In the intervertebral disc |
| Types of Bone (Osseous) tissue | Dense - outside of bone Spongy - inside of bone Most bones have both types |
| Dense bone tissue | Forms the cortex of bones Lamellae Haversian canals Lacunae Canaliculi |
| Spongy bone tissue | Forms the interior of he bone Trabeculae Bone marrow |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | Forming of bone is imperfect - condition where bones have less or lower quality of collagen |
| Haversian canal | Large openings in dense bone tissue |
| Lamellae | Each layer of dense bone tissue that surrounds Haversian canal |
| Lacunae | Where the bone cells are? Spaces in the Dense bone tissue |
| Canaliculi | Little canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal |
| Osteocytes | Osteo = bone Cyt = cell Osteocytes = bone cells |
| Types of Joints | Diarthrodial /synovial Amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous Synarthrodial/fibrous |
| Diarthrodial/synovial joint | Highly moveable - knee joint or elbow |
| Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous joint | Limited mobility - vertebrae discs |
| Synarthrodial/Fibrous joint | No mobility - skull |
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